According to him, the five letters to the left of the comma-shaped At the time the Initially, the inscription was thought to be in the Cherokee alphabet, invented by Sequoyah around 1821. Although the authors have no formal training in the Cherokee syllabary (nor do cult archaeology writers such as Gordon and McCulloch), it seems necessary to 1907 Inscribed Tablets. 1988b Fantastic Messages From the Past. His excuse for this is that he says that science has got it wrong with their decipherment of Egyptian Hieroglyphs. scroll. reply by JHM BAR Nov./Dec. Although largely laid to rest by the beginning of the twentieth century, both issues continue to surface periodically (e.g., Fell 1976; Carter 1978), falling within the realm of what is often referred to as "cult archaeology" (Cole 1980; Harrold and Eve 1987). Nothing resembling the mass bundle burials which he found on Long Island in Roane County and on the McGhee Farm in Monroe County has been recovered in more recent work. missing on Bat Creek. [7] The Myth of the Mound-builders is a damaging belief that discredits Native American peoples by claiming they were not the creators of the phenomenal mounds, and another group of people, frequently referred to as a "Vanished Race", are responsible for their creation and persisting splendor. 1968 Mound Builders of Ancient America: The Archaeology of a Myth. Fowke did not make this statement out of ignorance of the Bat Creek stone's existence, because not only had he extensively studied the lithic material recovered by the mound survey (Fowke 1896), but also mentioned the stone in one of his own publications (1902). bookstore. [9][7] These acts are a form of cultural genocide by European colonizers which enabled settlers "to make way for the movement of 'new' Americans into the Western 'frontier'". Tennessee Archaeologist 27(2):38-45. The Bat Creek Stone: A Reply to Mainfort and Kwas, "Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology". Hebrew writing inscription found in America- The Bat Creek Stone 1-16, rejoinder by M&K, TA Fall dictionary chart of Jewish War While it is true that Roman period brasses had a similar metallurgical content (cf. Since, as discussed below, no contemporary Cherokee authorities seem to have regarded the inscription as genuine, McCulloch's conclusion does not represent a significant new interpretation. [2] Additionally, the entire surface of the stone appears to be polished, which further contributes to the smooth, rounded edges of the markings. In his Archaeological History of Ohio, Gerald Fowke (1902:458-459) cited the Bat Creek stone in the context of criticizing Cyrus Thomas for claiming a relatively recent age for various mounds, and Stephen Peet (1891:146) briefly mentioned the object. 1993, pp. 1994 BAR . We demonstrate here that the inscribed signs do not represent legitimate Paleo-Hebrew and present evidence suggesting that the stone was recognized as a forgery by Cyrus Thomas and other contemporary researchers. East Lansing. Yet he does not mention the author of the publication he was criticizing, undoubtedly because he himself was the author. The cornerstone of this reconstruction is at present the Bat Creek inscription because it was found in an unimpeachable archaeological context under the direction of professional archaeologists working for the prestigious Smithsonian Institution.". Stieglitz, Robert R., "An Ancient Judean Inscription from Tennessee," 1978 The Composition of the Copper Alloys Used by the Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Civilizations. 1941 Peachtree Mound and Village Site, Cherokee County, North Carolina. Thomas, Cyrus. words are separated. of the 19th century setting, as well as shade for picnickers. A 3-foot black oak tree still stood on Anthropologist 13(2) :79-123. McCarter, P. Kyle, Jr. "Let's be Serious About the Bat Creek Stone". illustration, making the Bat Creek word "for Judea." [1] This interpretation began in the 1970s when the stone was examined by professor Dr. Cyrus Gordon, scholar of "Biblical and Near Eastern studies" and known "proponent of Precolumbian contacts between the old and new worlds". Washington. In 1988, wood fragments found with This is especially exciting when considered in the context of the DNA evidence, Joseph Smiths statements, and all the other archaeological evidence for highly advanced civilizations in the heartland of America during the Book of Mormon epic.4, Your email address will not be published. Since This CHANNEL IS NOT MONITIZED and never will be monetized. for $6.00 from the The completion of Tellico Dam at the mouth of the Little Tennessee in 1979 created a reservoir that spans the lower 33 miles (53km) of the river. The Bat Creek stone. The Smithsonian's role in the Davenport controversy produced considerable hosti 1 ity from many antiquarians (see McKussick 1970) at a time when "professional" archaeology was still in its infancy. maintain that It also seems worth mentioning that Cyrus Thomas was neither the first nor the last archaeologist to be taken in by a questionable artifact. 6, respectively, of some era. This belief was influential and "adopted by many Americans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries". It was Thomas (1894:633-643) who authored one of the more lengthy criticisms of the fraudulent inscribed tablets from Davenport, Iowa. typical of brasses formed by the cementation process, which was discovered during the last centuries B.C. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Try these: joseph smithmiraclesthe other eminent men of wilford woodruffsymbolismplural wivesreformationapostasymartin luthersalem witch trialsall-seeing eyeanti-christhanukkahintelligent designrestorationmountain meadows massacreevolutionhuguenotszelph. 1894) never offered a translation of the inscription. "The engraved stone lay partially under the back part of the skull" (Thomas 1894:393). 1988). Anonymous Publications of the Museum, Michigan State University, Anthropological Series 1(4):269-418. 1938 An Archaeological Survey of the Norris Basin in Eastern Tennessee. [3] With a budget of $60,000 provided by the U.S. government and the dedication of twelve years of mound excavations, Thomas worked to give insight into who the mound-builders were. As we discuss below, the Bat Creek stone received scant attention from Thomas's contemporaries and languished in relative obscurity (but see Mertz 1964) until 1970 when it was "rediscovered" by Cyrus Gordon, a well-published professor of Mediterranean Studies at Brandeis University and a leading proponent of cult archaeology. Phoenicians in America Dubious History - GitHub Pages separated by a dot or short diagonal stroke Quotes and ideas attributed to Arnold Murray are the intellectual property of Arnold Murray, of course.Earth Vs. the Flying Saucers (1956) was produced by Clover Productions. iv: Of all the characters on the Bat Creek stone this sign bears the most striking resemblance to Paleo-Hebrew script ("yod") circa 100 B.C.-A.D. 100 (but not the second century of the Christian era). 1971 The Bat Creek Stone. J. Huston MuCulloch, an Ohio State University economics professor . It is inscribed in Paleo Hebrew. The inscriptions were initially described as Cherokee, but aformentioned Dr. Gordon correctly identified them as Hebrew. The second line actually contains that looks nothing like the second Bat Creek letter. 1991 Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory. The Bat Creek Stone remains the property of the Smithsonian Institution, and is catalogued in the collections of the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, NMNH catalog number 8013771 and original US National Museum number A134902-0. 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology. The proposed time period is of relevance because the forms of Paleo-Hebrew letters evolved over time. As English, for example, the main line could be forced to read "4SENL , YP" however, reflect on the Mound Survey's data-collecting and A.D. 100, but not for the second century C.E. he was in fact a brother of King Arthur II, and sailed in 562 A.D. These signs have been identified by Gordon (1971, 1972, 1974; see Mahan [1971]) as Paleo-Hebrew letters of the period circa A.D. 100; McCulloch (1988) suggests the first century A.D. Gordon, Cyrus H. A134902-0 in the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. 10. 1964 Vinland Ruins Prove Vikings Found the New World. While it is possible that the wood fragments represent the remains of an object placed with the deceased individual, they might also have derived from the "dark soil" (possibly a midden deposit) at the base of the mound on which the 9 skeletons were located (Thomas 1894). ShLMYHW or Shelemiyahu. After examining the stones inscribed grooves and outer weathering rind using standard and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and researching the historical documentation, the team of Scott Wolter and Richard Stehly of American Petrographic Services conclude that the inscription is consistent with many hundreds of years of weathering in a wet earth mound comprised of soil and hard red clayand that the stonecan be no younger than when the bodies of the deceased were buried inside the mound. This was an undisputed Hopewell burial mound, and therefore the Hebrew inscribed artifact falls within the time frames of the Book of Mormon in the heartland of America. Our mission is to defend, protect, and preserve free speech online for all people. The apparent age of the inscription suggested to Thomas that the Cherokee possessed a written language prior to the invention of the Cherokee syllabary invented by Sequoyah around 1820. The Bat Creek stone is an inscribed stone collected as part of a Native American burial mound excavation in Loudon County, Tennessee, in 1889. "The Bat Creek inscription (also called the Bat Creek stone or Bat Creek tablet) is an inscribed stone collected as part of a Native American burial mound excavation in Loudon County, Tennessee, in 1889 by the Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology's Mound Survey, directed by entomologist Cyrus Thomas.The inscriptions were initially described as Cherokee, but in 2004, similarities to an inscription . David and Charles, Newton Abbot. 12/29/05. 2013 Gregory . It is wise therefore to refrain from basing theories on one or two specimens of an unusual or abnormal type, unless their claim to a place among genuine prehistoric relics can be established beyond dispute. Hence, Thomas's interpretation, although incorrect, at least had some basis. Gab builds Freedom Of Speech Software. Persian era, according to Gordon) is one such "Yahwist" name. Suppressed Archaeology (Part Four) - Church of the Great God Note that we do not contend that these signs are Cherokee - only that there are some formal similarities (McKussick [1979] incorrectly asserts that the signs actually are a form of Cherokee). See also comment by MinnesotaHistorical Society, St. Paul. The potential significance of the Bat Creek stone rests primarily on the decipherment of the 8 characters inscribed upon it. 1974 Riddles in History. PDF Institutional Database of Staff Publications Tennessee Division of Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. The common prefix L- simply Does Arnold Murray understand Hebrew? Hodge, Frederick W. (editor) online theory of the Bat Creek inscription. Carter, George the tell-tale string -YHW again, in the name of Yehucal's father, The sign is quite similar to the Cherokee "ga" regardless of the orientation of the stone. www.maryjones.us/jce/iolo.html. also happens to be the second letter of the first word in the Masonic Introduction 1970a A Canaanite Columbus? Used by permission. These are therefore different letters as well. The owner stated that he had cut trees Publications of the Museum, Michigan State University, Anthropological Series, Vol. Antiquity 58(223):137-138. First European Americans?," undated website at Carried by Barnes and Noble bookstores. with details of their analysis, which I have not yet had time to critique. 245-249. [6] Additionally, these markings are characterized by V shape carvings indicating they were created by a sharper tool than the initial eight characters. Underlying the earthwork were a number of early Mississippian features. 1892 Improved Cherokee Alphabets. now a TVA Mertz, Henriette, The Wine Dark Sea: Homer's Heroic Epic of the North Lambert, W.G. University of Pennsylvania Press. Hebrew writing inscription found in America- The Bat Creek Stone Biblical Truth 144 280 subscribers Subscribe 303 views 10 months ago Copyright Disclaimer under Section 107 of the copyright. approximate site, possibly making a complete loop Concluding Remarks Mainfort, Robert C., and Mary L. Kwas, "The Bat Creek Stone Revisited: A Fraud nearby Bat Creek Mound #2 at the time of excavation, so it viii: Again we concur with the initial assessment by Gordon (Mahan 1971:43) that this sign is "not in the Canaanite system." a plausible spot. Over the years (especially during the nineteenth century) numerous examples of such inscriptions have surfaced, virtually all of which are now recognized as fraudulent (cf. Nashville Tennessean, October 19, 1970, pp. The Epigraphic Society Occasional Publications, vol. [15] And Professor in Biblical Studies and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at Johns Hopkins University, Kyle McCarter expresses, "the Bat Creek stone has no place in the inventory of Hebrew inscriptions from the time of the First Jewish Revolt against Rome" and "belongs to the melodrama of American archaeology in the late 19th century". 1902 Archaeological History of Ohio. Scott Wolter/cc by-sa 3.0 When John W. Emmert and Cyrus Thomas excavated Bat Creek Mound in 1889, they stumbled across a stone with eight unfamiliar characters. Moreover, Cyrus Thomas was never shy about naming names, whether by way of praise or criticism. The Bat Creek word ends with a daleth, which vi: We agree with the assessment by Gordon (Mahan 1971:43) that this sign is "not in the Canaanite system." 1-33. TOM DAR MARCIN SNOPEK Company Profile | yszkowice, dzkie, Poland Feb. 2005. First, the inscription is not a legitimate Paleo-Hebrew inscription, despite the resemblances of several signs to Paleo-Hebrew characters. LYHW- beginning the longer second word in both cases. In the late 1960s and 1970s, the Tellico Archaeological Project, conducted by the University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology investigated over two dozen sites and uncovered evidence of substantial habitation in the valley during the Archaic (80001000 BC), Woodland (1000 BC 1000 AD), Mississippian (900-1600 AD), and Cherokee (c. 16001838) periods. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bat_Creek_Stone&oldid=1144691346, Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. and Mary L. Kwas. General History, Cyclopedia and Dictionary of Freemasonry (1870). Thomas, Cyrus, "Mound Explorations," in Twelfth Annual Report The Cherokees in Pre-Columbian Times, N.D.C. Murray was the first to completly make sense (properly translate) of all inscriptions on this stone (with simplicity in its simple form). is the modern invention of Edward Williams abilities per se. A further complication is that it is widely believed, forms the dative case, indicating for, to, or belonging to This conclusion is based on assessments by two Near Eastern language specialists, one of whom (Cyrus Gordon) considers some (but not all) of the signs to be Paleo-Hebrew. McKusick, Marshall. Both inscriptions do contain two words, with the identical string 1930 The Mound Builders. 1914 The American Indian in the United States, Period 1850-1914. 14, No. Second edition. Robert C. Mainfort, Jr. and Mary L. Kwas, TA 1991(1), pp. Mound 2 was a burial mound approximately 3 m tall and 13 m in diameter. Perhaps more important, we hope that our efforts here will influence some of our colleagues to take an active role in countering claims made by cult archaeologists and particularly in providing the general public with accessible information about the remarkable discoveries made by mainstream archaeology (see Williams 1987, 1988a, 1988b). A pamphlet containing these articles is available As noted above, the Bat Creek stone has recently been cast into greater prominence as a result of an AMS radiocarbon determination. In Paleo-Hebrew, Judah (Judea) is spelled yhwdh, not yhwd. : Ancient Settlers in the New World. von Wuthenau, Alexander [1] Judah or Yehud (YHWD in the standard Square Hebrew into the older alphabet, erroneously The two vertical strokes above The Bat Creek Stone was found in the third mound under a skull along with two copper bracelets (later determined to be brass) and polished wood (possibly earspools). National Geographic 126(5) :708-734. that this affinity should have been recognized already in 1889 by Refugees Escape to Tennessee?" Tennessee Anthropologist 1988(2), pp. In classic cult archaeology style, Cyrus Thomas (1894) is denigrated by these writers for stating that the bracelets were made of copper, when in fact they are actually brass. With respect to the Bat Creek stone, which we have now demonstrated beyond a reasonable doubt was one of the "modern reproductions" alluded to by Thomas, we believe that the answer is quite straightforward Thomas had placed himself in a position such that he could not really afford to pronounce the Bat Creek stone a forgery. Accessed 12/28/05. The short The January/February 2006 [1][3] Furthermore, the conclusions drawn by Mainfort and Kwas have been accepted by other archaeologists and members of academic communities. The stone was discovered in 1889 in Bat Creek Mound # 3 near the mouth of Bat Creek in Loudoun County during a series of burial-mound excavations conducted under the Bureau of American Ethnology. string LYHW- in the word LYHWKL, or East Lansing. The words are: R, QL, YH, VD. 14, No. [8] The reasons are complicated for the popularity of this obfuscation of the facts of Native American societies, but it is clear that it reflects the sentiments of European settler colonialism. Archaic and Woodland cultural materials were also recovered from the pre-mound deposits and were also present in the adjacent occupation areas. This arm in fact appears The late Semitic languages excavated and whose context been carbon-dated to In early 1889, Emmert resumed his excavations under Thomas' direction; by February 15 he had "found" the Bat Creek stone (Emmert to Thomas, 15 February 1889). [11] Mound 1 of the Bat Creek Site was excavated in 1975. 1-19, Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. I own no rights to this excerpt.Murray's Original Bat Creek Video:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWT0x232euwShepherd's Chapel:http://www.shepherdschapel.com/Music:www.audionautix.comSound FX:www.freesfx.co.uk/Horse Image:www.copyright-free-photos.org.uk make a few comments about Cyrus Thomas' (1890:35) claim that "some of the characters, if not all, are letters of the Cherokee alphabet" and later (1894:393) that "the engraved characters are beyond question letters of the Cherokee alphabet" In the only published analysis of the Bat Creek inscription as Cherokee, McCulloch (1988) makes a reasonable case for his contention that several signs are impossible for Cherokee and that the inscription is not translateable as Cherokee. In fact it is not surprising that two Hebrew inscriptions would We believe that the "best recent work" alluded to by Thomas is his own final report on mound explorations (1894), and that the "articles whose history is fully known" is a reference to the alleged discovery of the Bat Creek stone. Many fraudulent antiquities appeared (Williams 1990), adding fuel to these already heated controversies; among the more well-known examples are the Davenport tablets and elephant pipes (McCussick 1970), the Kennsington runestone (Blegen 1968; Wahlgren 1958), the Calaveras skull (Dexter 1986), and the Holly Oak pendant (Griffin et al_. sign iv) or he_ (cf. 927 views, 44 likes, 17 loves, 11 comments, 58 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from ZADOK WATCH Ministry: "The Translation" with Dr. Arnold Murray,. Testing by the Smithsonian (Thomas 1894) and the University of Tennessee (Schroedl 1975) suggests that this structure was a multi-stage Mississippi an platform mound (perhaps lacking associated structures on the mound surfaces). "had been covered by a cluster of http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jhm/arch/AmerAntiq.pdf. 137.Washington. The director of the project, Cyrus Thomas, initially declared that the curious inscription on the stone were "beyond question letters of the Cherokee alphabet." (Thomas 1894: 391:4) Together, these stones may work in concert to verify the presence of ancient Hebrew civilizations in the heartland of America. Andover Press, Andover. McCulloch (1988) identifies sign ii as "waw" based partially on a fourth century B.C. Robert Macoy, George Oliver. Appleton and Co., New York. [8] The Adena and Hopewell peoples constructed significant earthworks and mounds, a "widespread practice throughout the American southeast, Midwest, and northern plains". Craddock, Paul T. Yet, even as the Davenport finds "proved too much" with respect to pre-Columbian Old World contacts, so too did the Bat Creek stone "prove too much" regarding Thomas's own pet hypothesis that the immediate ancestors of the Cherokee constructed most of the burial mounds in eastern North America. During the last 20 years, the assertion that the Americas were visited numerous times by Old World seafarers has seen a major resurgence of interest, as witnessed by numerous best-selling books on the subject (e.g., Fell 1976; Gordon 1971, 1974) and the establishment of several "epigraphic societies" (i.e., amateur societies interested in the decipherment of alleged pre-Columbian inscriptions) devoted to proving these claims. cases. Pastor Murray is the scholar who finally translated the inscription. Bat Creek stone, which was professionally Our analysis will focus primarily on alleged similarities with Paleo-Hebrew, although a few comments will be made concerning Thomas' (1890, 1894) identification of the signs as Cherokee. Your email address will not be published. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly. Also relevant here is the. [1] The two bracelets found in the Mound were initially identified by both Emmert and Thomas as "copper", but a 1970 Smithsonian analysis concluded the bracelets were in fact heavily leaded yellow brass. In our discussion below, we refer to these signs as i through viii, from left to right; sign viii is located just below the main body of the inscription. The Bat Creek inscription is an inscribed stone tablet found by John W. Emmert on February 14, 1889. SATANIC MEDIA EXPOSED, Uvalde TX Shooting LIES! The Bat Creek Stone Revisited: A Fraud Exposed v: Despite problems with its relative size, this sign is normal for Paleo-Hebrew script ("lamed") between 100 B.C. [6] Additionally, his excavation revealed nine skeletons, seven of which were laid out in a row with their heads facing north, and two more skeletons laid out nearby, one with its head facing north and the other with its head facing south. Radiocarbon dating of the wood spools returned a date of 32-769 AD. Mooney, James 88 (Sept. 2010). Their findings were subsequently published and an online version is available on their website. In: Book of the Descendants of Doctor Benjamin Lee and Dorothy Gordon, edited by M.B.
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