[2] After India's independence in 1947, the territory of Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State. For more than five decades EPW has remained a unique forum that week after week has brought together academics, researchers, policy makers, independent thinkers, members of non-governmental organisations and political activists for debates straddling economics, politics, sociology, culture, the environment and numerous other disciplines. since all the enemy powers were now subjugated. 1803. [45] Dorabji Nanabhoy, a trader, was the first Parsi to settle in Bombay in 1640. This limit was further extended in February 1957 up to Dahisar along the Western Railway and Mulund on the Central Railway. The result is his book Auckland: The Twentieth-Century . For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The islands were leased to Mestre Diogo in 1534. [citation needed] The Delhi Sultanate captured the islands in 1348, and they were later passed to the Sultanate of Guzerat from 1391. [50] Garcia de Orta, a Portuguese physician and botanist, was granted the possession of Bombay in 1554 by viceroy Pedro Mascarenhas. [182] The attacks were believed to be orchestrated by mafia don Dawood Ibrahim in retaliation for the Babri Mosque demolition. Technology has changed the world in many ways, but perhaps no period introduced more changes than the Second Industrial Revolution. [67] The Bombay Coast and River Steam Navigation Company was established in 1866 for the maintenance of steam ferries between Bombay and the nearby islands;[67] while the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 revolutionized the marine trade of Bombay. effect in that the town could be built anew, to a better plan. [176] In August 1979, a sister township of Navi Mumbai was founded by City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) across Thane and Raigad districts of Maharashtra to help the dispersal and control of Mumbai's population. Slums spread across the city and epidemics of plague added to the already high mortality rates. [133] The Victoria Terminus of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, one of the finest stations in the world, was completed in May 1888. opposition to this move, and the walls were not removed. The Portuguese Viceroy declined to interfere and Shipman was prevented from landing in Bombay. ", Kooiman, Dick. and its hinterland was to become necessary. Montstuart Elphinstone Mumbai ca. The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai's population over the last four centuries: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 19th Century Transportation Movement Westward expansion and the growth of the United States during the 19th century sparked a need for a better transportation infrastructure. ", This page was last edited on 21 April 2023, at 06:52. [41] However, the Portuguese paid their first visit to the islands on 21 January 1509, when they landed at Mahim after capturing a Gujarat barge in the Mahim creek. The attacks resulted in 164 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several important buildings. [77], Yakut Khan landed at Sewri on 14 February 1689,[78] and razed the Mazagon Fort in June 1690. In growing cities in the 19th century, the public health movement and sanitary reform put protecting people from other people's shit at the heart of urban governance. [73] On 20 February 1673, Rickloffe van Goen, the Governor-General of Dutch India attacked Bombay, but the attack was resisted by Aungier. [147] Bombay was the main centre of the Rowlatt Satyagraha movement started by Mahatma Gandhi from February April 1919. in this century. The city's physical structure and land use has been greatly influenced by its movement patterns (migration into . The 20th century began with a damage limitation exercise. He implemented Aungier's plans for the fortification of the island, and had walls built from Dongri in the north to Mendham's point in the south. [66] A customs house was also built. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. In southern Africa, the kingdom of Lesotho was exceptional because. From the late 19th to early 20th centuries . 53.00 (ISBN 978--521-76871-9). a bungalow for himself on Malabar Hill. [17][24] King Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century[25] and established his capital in Mahikawati (present day Mahim). Soon it was trading in salt, rice, ivory, cloth, lead and sword blades with many Indian ports as well as with the Arabian cities of Mecca and Basra. [148], Following World War I, which saw large movement of India troops, supplies, arms and industrial goods to and from Bombay, the city life was shut down many times during the Non-cooperation movement from 1920 to 1922. Its expanded book review section offers detailed and in-depth analysis of recent literature. Under new building rules set up in 1748, many houses were demolished and the population was redistributed, partially on newly reclaimed land. [6] The Koli fishing community had long inhabited the islands. The "scramble for Africa" started to impact large numbers of Africans in the. Although that initiative was crushed by the British, India did achieve independence in 1947. To begin with, employers accommodated these workers in After his death in 1303, he was succeeded by his son Pratapbimba, who built his capital at Marol in Salsette, which he named Pratappur. [52] In 1560, they started proselytising the local Koli, Kunbi, Kumbhar population in Mahim, Worli, and Bassein. Eventually, families of [130] The Bombay Millowners' Association was formed in February 1875 by Dinshaw Maneckji Petit in order to lourdes central school protect interests of workers threatened by possible factory and tariff legislation by the British. [125] The Bombay Natural History Society was founded in 1883. Much of this money was channelled first rails were laid for a 21 mile stretch between Thane and Bombay. the development of Mahim and Bandra had to wait another half a century. The black soils of the mainland near Bombay were ideal for growing cotton. In November 1664, Shipman's successor Humphrey Cooke agreed to accept Bombay without its dependencies. As new provinces were settled, new cities began to spring up, and by the 1910s half of all Canadians were living urban, rather than rural lives for the first time. As against this, the colonial powers added an average of about 240,000 square miles (620,000 square kilometres) a year between the late 1870s and World War I (1914-18). [108] The Commercial Bank of India, established in 1845, issued exotic notes with an interblend of Western and Eastern Motifs. each given over to one person, and a common toilet. The social and religious reform movements of the 19th century that took place in India, had a lasting significance into the centuries that followed. [167] Flora Fountain was renamed Hutatma Chowk ("Martyr's Square") as a memorial to the Samyukta Maharashtra movement. [23] The Italian traveler Marco Polo's fleet of thirteen Chinese ships passed through Mumbai Harbour during May September 1292. By the turn of the 19th century, however, external events helped stimulate the growth of the city. One arguably positive result of European colonialism has been. barracks, each building had three floors. In 1803 a fire raged through the Indian part The Maurya Empire gained control of the islands during the 3rd century BCE and transformed them into a centre of Hindu-Buddhist culture and religion. of this century, the importance of Bombay as a centre of cotton trade, A Portuguese attempt to conquer Mahim failed in 1507, but in 1534 Sultan Bahdur Shah, the ruler of Gujarat, ceded the island to the Portuguese. As a result of Mumbai's 18th- and 19th-century history as a trading, commercial and manufacturing hub, the population of the city had swollen hugely as migrants from swathes of India's countryside arrived to find work. Bhima of Mahikavati established a small kingdom in the area during the late 13th century, and brought settlers. Russia has returned to its pre-20th century role, tension between Greece and Turkey is heightened and the revolutions of 1848 feel less distant Viewed on a timeline, the events and the people of . The blast occurred a day after the tenth anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings. The blasts occurred at the Opera House, Zaveri Bazaar, and Dadar,[202] which left 26 killed, and 130 injured. He was the first to realise that the Fort walls were now superfluous, [91] Salsette, Elephanta, Hog Island, and Karanja were formally ceded to the British East India Company by the Treaty of Salbai signed in 1782, while Bassein and its dependencies were restored to Raghunathrao of the Maratha Empire. [162] In April 1950, Greater Bombay District came into existence with the merger of Bombay Suburbs and Bombay City. Population growth would begin to increase in the 1920s, as a result of falling mortality. [100] In May 1804, Bombay was hit by a severe famine, which led to a large-scale emigration. Jafar emerged victorious in the battle fought with Ahmad Shah I Wali. Discover how Mumbai's past sovereignty issues have shaped it into a dominant trade and travel hub, siege of several sites in the city in late November 2008. Economic and Political Weekly Mumbai is India's largest industrial, financial and commercial centre. Yet, as the population increased, unkempt, overcrowded, and unsanitary conditions became more widespread. In the early 21st century Mumbai experienced a number of terrorist attacks. Mazagaon was granted to Antonio Pessoa in 1547. slums developed around the mills and the harbour. He was forced to retire to the island of Anjediva in North Canara and died there in October 1664. [115] The Commercial Bank, the Chartered Mercantile, the Agra and United Service, the Chartered and the Central Bank of Western India were established in Bombay attracting a considerable industrial population. [184][185] Soon colonial British names were shed to assert or reassert local names,[186] such as Victoria Terminus being renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus on 4 March 1996, after the 17th century Marathi King Shivaji. The existence of such The British colonialism in India lasted for about 190 years, beginning in 1757 and ended with India's independence in 1947. [67] Gerald Aungier, who was appointed Governor of Bombay in July 1669, established the first mint in Bombay in 1670. [117] The Victoria Gardens was opened to the public in 1862. [71] Between 1661 and 1675 there was a sixfold increase in population from 10,000 to 60,000. The revolutionaries were brutally [102] The success of the British campaign in the Deccan witnessed the freedom of Bombay from all attacks by native powers. By 2020 it had reached an estimated population of 20 million, making it the 9th largest city by population in the world. The Walkeswar Temple at Malabar Point was probably built during the rule of Shilahara chiefs from the Konkan coast (9th13th century). [18] Christianity arrived in the islands during the sixth century, when the Nestorian Church made its presence in India. [165] The Indian Institute of Technology Bombay was established in 1958 at Powai, a northern suburb of Bombay. DOUGLAS E. HAYNES. y the late 20th century the factories started to decline along suppressed; but Later, his brother-in-law Nagardev for 17 years till 1348. The islands were joined to the mainland and each other by causeways, and the city's university and major hospitals were founded. Mumbai continued to grow and prosper in the 21st century, in large part because of advances in the technology sector. "Workers' politics and the mill districts in Bombay between the wars. At the beginning of the century, U.S. citizens and immigrants to the country traveled primarily by horseback or on the rivers. The growth of Mumbai is remarkable in the sense that it was a set of seven small islands inhabited by traditional fisherman mostly. Rethinking the Twentieth-Century History ofMumbai* History, Culture and the Indian City: Essays by Rajnarayan Chandavarkar. [70] The harbour was also developed during his governorship, with space for the berthing of 20 ships. In 1950 the population of Mumbai was around 3 million. [67] On 5 November 1817, the British East India Company under Mountstuart Elphinstone[101] defeated Bajirao II, the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire, in the Battle of Kirkee which took place on the Deccan Plateau. [7] They were Dravidian in origin and included a large number of scattered tribes along the Vindhya Plateau, Gujarat, and Konkan. residents moving out of the central fort area. important commercial area. [135] On 11 August 1893, a serious communal riot took place between the Hindus and Muslims, when a Shiva temple was attacked by Muslims in Bombay. Even British naval power was no match for the Mughals, Marathas, Portuguese, and Dutch, all of whom had interests in the region. The city became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century, it was the centre of the Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919 and Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946. Company was accused of mismanagement. [103] The Bombay Municipal Corporation was established in 1872, providing a modern framework of governance for the rapidly growing city. The built-up area has depicted a positive growth of 14.01% during the period 1965 to 1992, 10.53% during the 1992 to 2010. [203][204] The city's Wankhede Stadium was the venue for 2011 Cricket World Cup final, where India emerged as a champion for the second time after the 1983 Cricket World Cup. [171] During the 1970 there were Bombay-Bhiwandi riots. The first institute in Asia to provide Veterinary Education, the Bombay Veterinary College, was established in Parel in Bombay in the year 1886. By that time, though, the hinterland had been opened, and Bombay had become a strong centre of import trade. [67], The educational and economic progress of the city began with the Company's military successes in the Deccan. [111] The first-ever Indian railway line began operations between Bombay and neighbouring Thane over a distance of 21 miles on 16 April 1853. Afghan Church Even the social sciences expanded and splintered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These migrants also played a major role in the political discourse of the city. 3 20th century. Laws provided for compensation for workplace accidents. [citation needed]. [citation needed] Later, between the 2nd century BCE and 10th . by the joining together of [67] The Bank of Bombay, the oldest bank in the city, was established in 1840,[106] and the Bank of Western India in 1842. Bombay was hit by a drought in 1824. When cotton exports from the USA were interrupted by the Civil War, Bombay [60], On 19 March 1662, Abraham Shipman was appointed the first Governor and General of the city, and his fleet arrived in Bombay in September and October 1662. It was converted into a township in 1949, and named Ulhasnagar by the then Governor-General of India, C. two streams of development. Many of these journals are the leading academic publications in their fields and together they form one of the most valuable and comprehensive bodies of research available today. Modelled after army [158] The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 18 February 1946 in Bombay marked the first and most serious revolt by the Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy against British rule. Welgos/Getty Images. The old wall together Bombay and Mahim, it began the process that was to be completed 19th century. 1801 - Siddhivinayak temple built at Prabhadevi. The sea has risen 21 centimetres since the records began in 1880 . [54] During this time, Bombay's main trade was coconuts and coir. in the Company militia revolted. xi, 270, Pds. [58] The Portuguese Franciscans had obtained practical control of Salsette and Mahim by 1585, and built Nossa Senhora de Bom Concelho (Our Lady of Good Counsel) at Sion and Nossa Senhora de Salvao (Our Lady of Salvation) at Dadar in 1596. [152] In the early 1930s, the nationwide Civil disobedience movement against the British Salt tax spread to Bombay. [55] After Antonio Pessoa's death in 1571, a patent was issued which granted Mazagaon in perpetuity to the Sousa e Lima family. Modern Asian Studies promotes an understanding of contemporary Asia and its rich inheritance. Even before the island was joined to Bombay, it was a cantonment By Rajnarayan Chandavarkar. Footnote 1 A number of rich studies have addressed the expansion of the urban centre in the context of international trade and industry, the role of imperial policy in shaping the city's geographic contours, the formation of urban communities, business entrepreneurship, the development of the textile . However, this economic boom was at the base of one of By the early 20th century, the U.S. had become the world . The riot led to a strike of dock and railway workers which paralysed the city for a few days. There was strong [112] The Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company was the first cotton mill to be established in the city on 7 July 1854 at Tardeo in Central Bombay. [82] In 1728, a Mayor's court was established in Bombay and the first reclamation was started which was a temporary work in Mahalaxmi, on the creek separating Bombay from Worli. 1890. [19] The Mauryan presence ended when the Chalukyas of Badami in Karnataka under Pulakeshin II invaded the islands in 610. [127] The Princess Dock was built in 1885 as part of a scheme for improving the whole foreshore of the Bombay harbour. There was a rapid [107] The Cotton Exchange was established in Cotton Green in 1844. [64][65] The Company immediately set about the task of opening up the islands by constructing a quay and warehouses. [113] The Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway (BB&CI) was incorporated in 1855.[114]. The evolution of Bombay's multifaceted socio-cultural identity and its development as India's business capital have been influenced historically by diverse political and economic factors. During the last half of the late 19th century, Chicago proved to be the fastest growing city in the world. According to the treaty, the islands of Mumbai and Bassein were offered to the Portuguese. [173], Nehru Centre was established in 1972 at Worli in Bombay. [56], The annexation of Portugal by Spain in 1580 opened the way for other European powers to follow the spice routes to India. Further tectonic activity in the region led to the formation of hilly islands separated by a shallow sea. [5] After a series of attacks by the Gujarat Sultanate, the islands were recaptured by Sultan Bahadur Shah. [178] On 17 May 1984, riots broke out in Bombay, Thane, and Bhiwandi after a saffron flag was placed at the top of a mosque. governed by [143], The Partition of Bengal in 1905 initiated the Swadeshi movement, which led to the boycotting of British goods in India. [46] Bassein and the seven islands were surrendered later by a treaty of peace and commerce between Bahadur Shah and Nuno da Cunha, Viceroy of Portuguese India, on 25 October 1535, ending the Islamic rule in Mumbai. Every floor contained rooms, From farm to city blow up the town during the festival of Diwali. [55] He established the Marine force,[55] and constructed the St. Thomas Cathedral in 1718, which was the first Anglican Church in Bombay. In the postwar years the development of residential quarters in suburban areas was begun, and the administration of Bombay city through a municipal corporation was extended to the suburbs of Greater Bombay. Eleven million people migrated from rural to urban areas between 1870 and 1920, and a majority of the twenty-five million immigrants who came to the United States in these same years moved into the nation's cities. Such a group of chawls [94] In 1784, the Hornby Vellard project was completed and soon reclamations at Worli and Mahalaxmi followed. [67] Fortifications were built around Bombay Castle. [103] By 1830, regular communication with England started by steamers navigating the Red and Mediterranean Sea. Most often, the mill workers were men whose families stayed back in Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum), Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST), Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT), Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), SP Jain Institute of Management and Research, Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE), Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics, V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS), Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Growth_of_Mumbai&oldid=964047190, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1951: 2,966,902 (0.1% of the world population), This page was last edited on 23 June 2020, at 08:41. the Colaba Causeway in of the town, razing many localities. [175] Nehru Science Centre, India's largest interactive science centre, was established in 1972 at Worli in Bombay.
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