When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. It provides useful information on the progress and development made within the school. These SRs contained 270 primary studies, 225 of which were unique and 45 were included in more than one SR. Geryk and colleagues found that education on correct use of an inhaler improved inhaler technique, regardless of deliverer, method, or duration of the intervention [31]. In 1995, WHO launched the GlobalSchool Health Initiative, which aimed to strengthenapproaches to health promotion in schools. Citations identified from the systematic search were uploaded to Covidence systematic review software [12] and duplicates were automatically deleted. Another important gap that this overview reveals is a lack of research on interventions carried out in LMIC and low-income countries (LIC). This overview primarily found evidence for special research interventions, suggesting a need for assessment of routinely-delivered school health services. Outcome measures were collected from included studies. If consensus was not possible during title/abstract or full text screening, a third reviewer (DR), who had the casting vote, would have been asked to independently screen the article. In the remaining twelve SRs, 50% to 74% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [19,20,2225,28,31,32,3436]. This overview and the upcoming WHO guideline will specifically address school health services delivered by health providers. A key limitation of this overview is that only publications self-titled systematic reviews were included. You can review and change the way we collect information below. While other pillars of Health Promoting Schools have relevant guidance documents, guidance on school health services is limited and not explicitly evidence-based. The remaining Cochrane review was given a critically low level of confidence, though this may be because it was published in 2006 and standards for both the methods and reporting of Cochrane reviews have improved in recent years. The CCA is calculated using three variables: the number of index publications (r), the number of total publications (N), and the number of SRs within the overview (c). CDC twenty four seven. There were no date restrictions on publication of included SRs. The need for quality health care for519-year-olds is great, but globally the quality ofhealth services for them are variable and coverageis limited. Click to Enlarge | PDF [PDF 466 KB] | JPEG | PNG. The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global School Health Initiative in 1995 with the goal to improve child, adolescent and community health through health promotion and programming in schools [1]. SRs were included in this overview if at least 50% of the studies within the SR fulfilled the following criteria: (a) participants were children (ages 59) or adolescents (ages 1019) enrolled in schools; (b) interventions were school-based or school-linked health services, involved a health provider (see definitions in S1 Appendix), and were of any duration or length of follow-up; (c) intervention effectiveness was compared to either no intervention, an alternative intervention, the same intervention in a different setting (i.e. Outcomes across studies differed, but the authors noted trends toward improvement in menstruation knowledge, management practices, psychosocial outcomes, and school attendance. McDonald and Drey narratively assessed group-based art therapy as an intervention for children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), moderate to severe behavior problems, or learning disorders [33]. In addition, both the Healthy School Report Card and the Healthy Schools Inventory may be used to collect data for evaluation.Are there requirements to use a school health assessment?Yes, in some states and districts. The other SR examined behavioral interventions in the form of education on tooth brushing and the use of fluoride toothpaste in Brazil, Italy, United Kingdom, and Iran [30]. Children as young as eight are among dozens injured by a missile barrage fired at Pavlohrad; Russia has built some of the 'most extensive defences in the world' as its leaders fear a major . Because all three school health assessments are based on best practices and focus on known youth health risks, many of the assessment items are similar. First, an overview is unlikely to include the latest evidence if recent primary studies have not yet been included in SRs. Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. The search strategy is presented in S2 Appendix. implementation guidance calls for the prioritization of school health programs as an important step towards universal health coverage and urges that "Every school should be a health promoting school" [ 10 ]. No SRs found eligible studies comparing vision screening with no vision screening. Through meta-analysis of two RCTs, the authors found that school vision screening combined with provision of free spectacles resulted in a statistically significant 60% increase in the wearing of spectacles at 38 months follow-up as compared to vision screening combined with prescription for spectacles only [21]. Access to education and safe and supportive schoolenvironments have been linked to better healthoutcomes. From this picture, the school health council or other health committees can move forward in creating an action plan, monitoring activities, and celebrating successes. This initiative is dedicated to promoting development of school health programs and increasing the number of health-promoting schools, characterized by WHO as a school constantly strengthening its capacity as a healthy setting for living, learning and working [1]. The guidance confirms that disclosures of student educational records (including certain health records) are only permitted by FERPA with the prior written consent of an eligible student or the student's parent/legal guardian (non-eligible student) or if one of the permissive exceptions to the general consent requirement applies. To convey to the teacher the results of the examination in such terms as to be useful to her in guiding the physical and mental growth of her . PRISMA flowchart showing reasons for exclusion of potential systematic reviews. It was also designed to suggest further research in areas where recent systematic reviews (SRs) exist, but with insufficient evidence. This is problematic given that health disparities for children and adolescents are greater in LMIC and LIC than in higher income countries [10]. National Association of School Nurses. In addition to these criteria for included studies, the SRs themselves had to fulfill the following criteria: (a) included the words systematic review in the title or abstract; (b) outlined inclusion criteria within the methods section; (c) published in peer-reviewed journals and indexed before June 15, 2018; (d) published in the English language. No literature is currently available showing the number of hospitals and health care systems that provide EHR access to school nurses. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. c. schools are access sites for students to receive increased and improved care, which might not be adequately received elsewhere d. Although the overall degree of overlap between all SRs within this overview was slight, the overlap between just these five SRs targeting mood disorders was high (CCA = 11). It is likely that some interventions may have the same or perhaps an even better level of effectiveness when delivered by non-health providers, such as a teacher, as compared to when delivered by health providers. Figure 1 shows how school health services uses various methods to support students. Gifted Education in Rural Schools. The FRESH framework promotes four pillars: health-related school policies, provision of safe water and sanitation, skills-based health education and school-based health and nutrition services [2]. Arora and colleagues did not find any RCTs that looked at the effectiveness of dental health screening versus no screening on improving oral health outcomes, but their search did locate six RCTs from the United Kingdom and India with dental care attendance as the outcome [18]. This systematic review of systematic reviews, henceforth referred to as an overview, will inform the upcoming development of a WHO guideline that addresses the school health services component of health-promoting schools and feeds into the FRESH framework. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). The following is a list of common questions and answers related to school health assessment tools, specifically: Why complete a school health assessment?A school health assessment helps to identify strengths and weaknesses of school health policies and programs and provide direction for school health improvement efforts. Can schools complete more than one school health assessment simultaneously?Yes, but this should only be done if you have state or program requirements that require multiple assessments to be completed. Schroeder and colleagues found that school nurses are well positioned to deliver nutritional counseling, design and coordinate physical activity interventions, and educate parents, students, and staff on health, nutrition, and fitness [26]. A strength of this overview is that it attempted to answer a question that has not yet been answered regarding the effectiveness of both comprehensive and specific school health services delivered by a health provider. A health book contains the names of students/Pupils who brings complains to the clinic, . Fig 1 displays the PRISMA flowchart for the search. In 2015, the global means for the primary and secondary net school enrollment rates were 90% and 65%, respectively, thus the potential reach of school health services is wide [8]. 20 SRs fulfilled all inclusion criteria and were included in this overview. Additional systematic reviews are needed that analyze the effectiveness of comprehensive school health services, and specific services for under-researched health areas relevant for this population. It is compulsory and can never be jettisoned. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. While various guidance documents have been published by United Nations (UN) organizations addressing a range of services from oral health to malaria [37], there is no internationally accepted guideline regarding school health services. A SR on sexual health interventions for prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in sub-Saharan African countries found that educational interventions were successful in increasing knowledge and attitudes for participants (Table 3F) [35]. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Today, electronic patient records are the accepted norm. Among 1014 year olds, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory infections, drowning, road injury, diarrheal diseases, and meningitis [47]. In another four SRs, 75% to 99% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [21,26,30,37]. Tips for Selecting an Electronic Documentation System, Healthcare Information and Management Systems(HIMSS), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Health Information Privacy, Your Rights Under HIPAA. These SRs must assess routine, multi-component school health services and the characteristics that make them effective, with special attention to content, quality, intensity, method of delivery, and cost. Risk of bias within primary studies was recorded in Table B in S4 Appendix. Table 2 presents the remaining three of the four items of Ballard and Montgomerys checklist for overviews of reviews: (2) levels of confidence in results for each included SR, (3) publication year, and (4) match in scope to the overview. Electronic health records: An essential tool in keeping students healthy (Position Statement). Meta-analysis found small but statistically significant effect sizes in favor of music therapy for gestural communication, verbal communication, and behavioral problems [23]. Web Annex B. However, all included primary studies were delivered in HIC [26]. The most promising evidence from a SR was on topical application of fluoride gel for the prevention of dental caries [25], although the necessity of this intervention may be questioned where flouridated commerical toothpaste is readily available. Suggested citation: National Association of School Nurses. Items 2, 3 and 4 of Ballard and Montgomerys four-item checklist for risk of bias in overviews of reviews, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Brief exploratory review Depending on the content and approach of the school health assessment, there might be ways to use data gathered from any of these tools to create a generalized view of school health systems, programs, and services in a state, district, school, or community. Now, as both schools and health care systems seek to ensure that children coping with chronic conditions such as diabetes and asthma get the comprehensive, coordinated care the students need, the schools and health systems are forming partnerships to better integrate their services. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Although mortality and morbidity statistics vary by region and country, it is clear that the health areas included in this overview reflect a small subset of the global burden of disease for children and adolescents. unclear if a health provider was involved), followed by if less than 50% of studies within a SR fulfilled all inclusion criteria. The digital versions of patients' paper charts promise extensive benefits for personalized, safe and reliable medical care and treatment. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. A meta-analysis of two studies on sanitary pad provision found a moderate but statistically non-significant effect on school attendance. Table D. Classification of primary studies within included systematic reviews for use in corrected covered area calculation. To investigate the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents, a systematic review of systematic reviews (overview) was conducted. Education on the wearing of spectacles in addition to vision screening as compared to vision screening alone did not have a significant effect [21]. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, The Healthy School Report Card is already aligned with the schools improvement process. Children's health records can help child care providers identify preven-tive health needs such as immunizations or dental care, prepare a special care plan for children with chronic health conditions . This structure can help schools avoid duplication, refine purpose, and coordinate various initiatives across the whole school. The most common reasons for exclusion were, first, if at least 50% of studies included within a SR were unclear for at least one criterion (e.g. (2019). Vaccinations have been identified as the most common type of intervention in schools in at least 35 countries or territories [9], and there is evidence of effectiveness from primary studies regarding feasibility of school-based vaccination programs [48,49]. The computer software organizes data in ways that are easy to interpret and put to use. School health assessments give schools a snapshot in time of programs and policies that address student and staff health. About eight-in-ten U.S. murders in 2021 - 20,958 out of 26,031, or 81% - involved a firearm. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. A protocol was developed a priori that outlined the overview objectives, aims, operational definitions, search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality appraisal methods. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Chung and colleagues systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed universal sleep education programs as compared to no additional sleep intervention from Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and Hong Kong (Table 3G) [20]. The Institute of Medicine (2003) has indicated that EHRs should support delivery of patient care, be key evidence-based data points, improve patient safety, improve efficiency, facilitate management of chronic health conditions, provide outcome analysis, and share data across settings. From the limited amount of information available in existing systematic reviews, the strongest evidence supports implementation of anxiety prevention programs, indicated asthma education, and vision screening with provision of free spectacles. All SRs primarily examined studies on school-based, rather than school-linked interventions. Only three SRs [18,21,25] were scored as having moderate levels of confidence and just one [30] was given a high level of confidence.
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