An Israeli drum is called a toph. [19] The remains of what is thought to be the bridge of a 2300-year-old lyre were discovered on the Isle of Skye, Scotland in 2010 making it Europe's oldest surviving piece of a stringed musical instrument. According to another view the nebel is to be compared with the "sanir" (still used among the Arabs), perhaps in view of the Septuagint rendering of the word by "psalterion" (=; Dan. This page was last edited on 19 October 2022, at 11:36. The lyre ( / lar /) is a stringed musical instrument that is classified by Hornbostel-Sachs as a member of the lute-family of instruments. (1 Samuel 16:16, 23) Scholars have at least 30 representations of the lyre from depictions found on ancient rock walls, coins, mosaics, plaques, and seals. There are diverse shapes of shofars made from horns of different sheep species, and their finishes may have been differently made. Here the instrument consists of a long, rectangular board, the upper half of which is cut out so as to form a kind of frame; and above this opening the strings, running parallel to one another, are strung lengthwise across the board. In order not to be followed, he made shoes for the cows which were facing backwards, making it appear that the animals had walked in the opposite direction. Next to the passages of Scripture recited in cantillation, the most ancient and still the most important section of the Jewish liturgy is the sequence of benedictions which is known as the Amidah ('standing prayer'), being the section which in the ritual of the Dispersion more immediately takes the place of the sacrifice offered in the ritual of the Temple on the corresponding occasion. Many of the phrases introduced in the hazzanut generally, closely resemble the musical expression of the sequences which developed in the Catholic plainsong after the example set by the school famous as that of Notker Balbulus, at St. Gall, in the early 10th century. The Sumponyah, which later became the Calabrian Zampogna, is one of the oldest instruments in the world. The Sistrum comprises a handle and a U-shaped metal frame between 30 and 76 cm wide and is made of brass or bronze. It was introduced into Europe in the 7th century, then rapidly developed. The prayers he continued to recite as he had heard his predecessors recite them; but in moments of inspiration he would give utterance to a phrase of unusual beauty, which, caught up by the congregants. Contrary to the colloquial name, the Jew's harp most likely originated in Siberia, specifically in or around the Altai Mountains and has no relation to the Jewish people.. Jew's harps may be categorized as idioglot or . The earliest known example of the thin lyre dates to c. 2500 B.C.E. Also known as the Jewish Lyre, Kinnor is commonly mistranslated as a harp. Earliest of all is the cantillation of the Bible, in which the traditions of the various rites differ only as much and in the same manner from one another as their particular interpretations according to the text and occasion differ among themselves. The Kinnor is built in the style of a Lyre, with a double upright neck support for the horizontal neck. The second sound is referred to as the tak, which is a higher-pitched noise made by tapping the heads edge with the fingertips. Lyre Player c. 16401660, Deccan sultanates, "Distinctions among Canaanite Philistine and Israelite Lyres and their Global Lyrical Contexts", "Reflecting on Hornbostel-Sachs's Versuch a century later", "Plucked and Hammered String Instruments; Historical Development", "Skye cave find western Europe's 'earliest string instrument', "rabab (musical instrument) Encyclopdia Britannica", "The Universal Lyre From Three Perspectives", Summary of Schemes of Tonal Organizations, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyre&oldid=1147544239, Continental Europe: Germanic or Anglo-Saxon lyre (, Jenkins, J. Likewise the three-stringed lyre may have given rise to the six-stringed lyre depicted on many archaic Greek vases. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. For the modern Yemenite-Israeli musical phenomenon, however, see Yemenite Jewish music.). The round lyre, called so for its rounded base, reappeared centuries later in ancient Greece c. 1700-1400 B.C.E.,[3] and then later spread throughout the Roman Empire. [11] The description in Chronicles of the embellishment by David of the Temple service with a rich musical liturgy represents in essence the order of the Second Temple, since, as is now generally admitted, the liturgical Temple Psalms belong to the post-exilic period. The Vocal EQ Chart (Vocal Frequency Ranges + EQ Tips), EQ Before Or After Compression? It was played with a plectrum when accompanying singing or dancing but was apparently plucked with the fingers when used as a solo instrument. kinnor, ancient Hebrew lyre, the musical instrument of King David. In one of the instruments there is under the strings a curious sounding-boardlike a kettle-drum; such a sounding-board is mentioned by the Church Fathers in describing the instrument. x. It is a string instrument, played by plucking and pulling at the strings with fingers just like a harp. Hence, the creation of the lyre is attributed to Hermes. The sarcophagus was used during the Mycenaean occupation of Crete (c.1400 BC).[15][16]. The various sections of the melodious improvisation will thus lead smoothly back to the original subject, and so work up to a symmetrical and clear conclusion. By doubling the tetrachord a lyre with seven or eight strings was obtained. In biblical times the shofar sounded the Sabbath, announced the New Moon, and proclaimed the anointing of a new king. The earliest form of the instrument is found, together with the harp, in the above-mentioned illustration from Kuyunjik. 22). The . lyre, stringed musical instrument having a yoke, or two arms and a crossbar, projecting out from and level with the body. Psalm 33:2 (ESV) . [19][20] Material evidence suggests lyres became more widespread during the early Middle Ages,[citation needed] and one view[whose?] cxxxvii. The Jews of Yemen maintained strict adherence to Talmudic and Maimonidean halakha[2] and "instead of developing the playing of musical instruments, they perfected singing and rhythm. A harp can be played with two hands. The lyre has its origins in ancient history. abbuv (a reed flute or oboe-like instrument). [1], While the clearest examples of the thick lyre are extent to archaeological sites in Egypt and Anatolia, similar large lyres with thicker soundboxes have been found in Mesopotamia (19001500 BCE). Lyres appearing to have emerged independently of Greco-Roman prototypes were used by the Germanic and Celtic peoples of the early Middle Ages. Ezra 2:41,70; 7:7,24; 10:23; Nehemiah 7:44, 73; 10:29,40; etc. In organology, a lyre is considered a yoke lute, since it is a lute in which the strings are attached to a yoke that lies in the same plane as the sound table, and consists of two arms and a crossbar. They are formulated in the subjoined tabular statement, in which the various traditional motives of the Ashkenazic ritual have been brought to the same pitch of reciting-note in order to facilitate comparison of their modal differences. 16); hence they must have been easy to carry. xiv. Some instruments called "lyres" were played with a bow in Europe and parts of the Middle East, namely the Arabic rebab and its descendants,[21] including the Byzantine lyra.[22]. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. x. [14], In Ancient Greece, recitations of lyric poetry were accompanied by lyre playing. The contemporaneous musical fashion of the outer world has ever found its echo within the walls of the synagogue, so that in the superstructure added by successive generations of transmitting singers there are always discernible points of comparison, even of contact, with the style and structure of each successive era in the musical history of other religious communions. Lyrics are most commonly short passages in Hebrew from the Torah or the siddur, with the occasional obscure passage from the Talmud. They are known as baal tokeah -the master of the blast.. 1043 et seq. The kinnor, most often referred to as a "harp" or "lyre," was an instrument commonly used in ancient Israel. It is amongst the oldest instruments in recorded history and has been cited as the first drum ever created. Lyra or barbitos from the Tomb of the Diver. It accordingly attracts the intonation of the passages which precede and follow it into its own musical rendering. These elements persist side by side, rendering the traditional intonations a blend of different sources. The second sound is referred to as the, It was first brought to Europe in the 12th century, and from the 14th through the 16th, it was known as a P. The Sumponyah, which later became the Calabrian Zampogna, Although there are many sacred instruments in Israel, the kinnor. ); whereas in the parts of the books of Ezra and Nehemiah belonging to the Chronicles singers are reckoned among the Levites (compare Ezra 3:10; Nehemiah 11:22; 12:8,24,27; I Chronicles 6:16). I enjoyed learning about these instruments especially the Oud! [9], There is evidence of the development of many forms of lyres from the period 2700 B.C.E through 700 B.C.E. It was shaken as a sacred rattle in the worship of Hathor in ancient Egypt and used in rituals in Israel. It is mainly a combination of a bag and chanters. Medieval writers often mistakenly called it a harp. Lots of instruments we know today are rooted in the history of Israel and its neighboring lands. This mix is usually brass, horns and strings. This principle has marked effects in the Ashkenazic or Northern tradition, where it is as clear in the rendering of the prayers as in that of the Scriptural lessons, and is also apparent in the erobot. 27; I Sam. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. [1]:442 Like the nevel, the kinnor likely consisted of a soundboard with two arms extending parallel to the body, with the arms crossed by a yoke from which the strings extend down to the body. This latter custom has been preserved in modern Israel at the swearing in of . [1], Bull lyres are a type of eastern lyre that have a flat base and bull's head on one side. As a means of support, players of the thin lyre wear a sling around the left wrist which is also attached to the base of the lyre's right arm. "A Short Note on African Lyres in Use Today. The joyous intonation of the Northern European rite for morning and afternoon prayers on the Three Festivals (Passover, Sukkot and Shavuot) closes with the third tone, third ending of the Gregorian psalmody; and the traditional chant for the Hallel itself, when not the one reminiscent of the "Tonus Peregrinus," closely corresponds with those for Ps. They were never used on occasions of mourning (Isa. Regarding the form of the two instruments, it is evident from the Old Testament that they could be played while the performer was walking (I Sam. In the development of the subject he is bound to no definite form, rhythm, manner, or point of detail, but may treat it quite freely according to his personal capacity, inclination, and sentiment, so long only as the conclusion of the passage and the short doxology closing it, if it ends in a benediction, are chanted to the snatch of melody forming the coda, usually distinctly fixed and so furnishing the modal motive. Halil 8. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help). Country Yossi, Abie Rotenberg, Uncle Moishy, and the producers of the 613 Torah Avenue series are examples of Orthodox Jewish musicians/entertainers whose music teach children Orthodox traditions. devotional songs; carnatic music. Jerome's statement that the nebel had the delta form () argues in favor of a harp-like instrument, as does also the statement of Josephus ("Ant." Bibl. The instrument was subsequently introduced into Egypt, where it was modified in form. The strings here are strung parallel across the box; the player holds the plectrum in his right hand; it is not clear whether he touches the strings with his left hand also. Israel has a wide range of musical instruments that are commonly used in Middle Eastern traditions and cultures. Rosewood, oak, ash, and other woods that have been bent and scarf joined together usually form the shell; however, some are also made of plywood or other man-made materials today. vii. Regarding Israels geographical position, their music highly interacted with Arabic, Persian, Palestinian, Spanish, and Egyptian folk music and cultures. Throughout the musical history of the synagogue a particular mode or scale-form has long been traditionally associated with a particular service. Only so much seems certain, that the folk-music of older times was replaced by professional music, which was learned by the families of singers who officiated in the Temple. The earliest known examples of the lyre have been recovered at archeological sites that date to c. 2700 BCE in Mesopotamia. Along the way, Hermes slaughtered one of the cows and offered all but the entrails to the gods. Lyres from the ancient world are divided by scholars into two separate groups, the eastern lyres and the western lyres, which are defined by patterns of geography and chronology. At the time, a consensus developed that all music and singing would be banned; this was codified as a rule by some early Jewish rabbinic authorities. A doom, when the length of the fingers and palm are used to strike the center of the head it produces a deeper bass sound than when the hand is removed for an open sound. It resembles either a contemporary tambourine or a frame drum. Bow instruments were unknown to the ancients. ; Cheyne and Black, Encyc. These are each differentiated from other prayer-motives much as are the respective forms of the cantillation, the divergence being especially marked in the tonality due to the modal feeling alluded to above. The word has subsequently come to mean violin in Modern Hebrew . Kinnor is one of the ancient musical instruments of Israeli music that is holy for the Jewish culture and used in sacred music. in Syria. 5th century BCE. As Niebuhr points out, the melodies are earnest and simple, and the singers must make every word intelligible. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS IN INDIA 1. Niebuhr ("Reisen," i. [7], HornbostelSachs classifies the lyre as a member of the lute-family of instruments which is one of the families under the chordophone classification of instruments. 16; II Chron. While Gesenius defines kinnor to be a species of harp or lyre, and Furst renders it by the single word harp, Winer expresses himself in such a way as to indicate an opinion that the Hebrew instrument so named might be either harp, lyre, or lute. xxxiii. However, there are various tuning traditions in different cultures. 5; II Sam. There is no clear evidence that non-Greco-Roman lyres were played exclusively with plectra, and numerous instruments regarded by some as modern lyres are played with bows. Israeli music offers a lot for ethnic music enthusiasts. Today, the players commonly use a plastic or a bamboo plectrum to play the Oud. The term is also used metaphorically to refer to the work or skill of a poet, as in Shelley's "Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is"[23] or Byron's "I wish to tune my quivering lyre,/ To deeds of fame, and notes of fire".[24]. It was usually played by women and was excluded from the temple orchestra. The instrument reached the height of its popularity in Ancient Egypt during the reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten (c. 13531336 B.C.E.). Like a violin, this method shortened the vibrating length of the string to produce higher tones, while releasing the finger gave the string a greater vibrating length, thereby producing a tone lower in pitch. However, the ban on singing and music, although not formally lifted by any council, soon became understood as only a ban outside of religious services. In later years, the practice became to allow singing for feasts celebrating religious life-cycle events such as weddings, and over time the formal ban against singing and performing music lost its force altogether, with the exception of the Yemenite Jews. According to the Roman Jewish historian Josephus (1st century ad ), it resembled the Greek kithara ( i.e., having broad arms of a piece with the boxlike neck), and kinnor was translated as "kithara" in both the Greek Old Testament and the Latin Bible. The participation of the congregation in the Temple song was limited to certain responses, such as "Amen" or "Halleluiah," or formulas like "Since His mercy endureth forever," etc. This harp consists of a wide, flat board, with another board fastened at right angles at one end. [1], Thin lyres are a type of flat-based eastern lyre with a thinner soundbox where the sound hole is created by leaving the base of the resonator open. The bag is made from goat skin, traditionally with the hair on. Different tones could be obtained from a single bowed string by pressing the fingernails of the player's left hand against various points along the string to fret the string. xvi. Therefore they may produce different, The Oud is played with a Risha, which is the oldest form of a, The main percussion instrument of the Israel music instruments range is the Tabret, also known as the T, A doom, when the length of the fingers and palm are used to strike the center of the head it produces a deeper bass sound than when the hand is removed for an open sound. Music; and the bibliographies cited in these works. Other instruments known as lyres have been fashioned and used in Europe outside the Greco-Roman world since at least the Iron Age. Apollo offered to trade the herd of cattle for the lyre. Instruments were used on joyous occasions, such as banquets and festive processions (Gen. xxxi. The kinnor is an ancient Israelite musical instrument that is thought to be a type of thin lyre based on iconographic archaeological evidence. vi.). The Shofar is made of mostly male sheep horns and used for religious purposes in Jewish tradition. Its invention is ascribed to Jubal (Gen. iv. The large lyre was called hunzinar and the small one ippizinar in Hittite. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Moreover, popular festivals of all kinds were celebrated with singing and music, usually accompanying dances in which, as a rule, women and maidens joined. It is one of the oldest classes of instrument in India. Required fields are marked *. The modal differences are not always so observable in the Sephardic or Southern tradition. (Heres The Real Answer), 5 Creative Sound Design Tips To Make You Rethink Effects, Sample-Heavy Approach To Production (Interview With BCee), Out-Of-The-Box Experiments (w/ Kamikaze Space Programme), Is Tape Undergoing A Renaissance? A detailed investigation into the elusive 10-string lyre known in Hebrew as the 'Kinnor' - mentioned throughout the Hebrew Bible and also in the writings of. ; Riehm, Handwrterb. Chatsotserah 7. [1], Eastern lyres are divided into four main types: bull lyres, thick lyres, thin lyres and giant lyres. holds that many modern stringed instruments are late-emerging examples of the lyre class. The precentor will accommodate the motive to the structure of the sentence he is reciting by the judicious use of the reciting-note, varied by melismatic ornament. xxiv. xxvi. HornbostelSachs divide lyres into two groups Bowl lyres (321.21), Box lyres (321.22). They have been found at archaeological sites in Egypt, Syria, Anatolia, and the Levant. Jewish Lyre Instrument - Etsy Check out our jewish lyre instrument selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. 5). The term sometimes referred generically to stringed instruments. The seal's lyre motif was believed to be the most accurate depiction of the famous lyre of the Bible, the instrument strummed by King David. Lyre, Kinnor, Kithara. [5] In classical Greek, the word "lyre" could either refer specifically to an amateur instrument, which is a smaller version of the professional cithara and eastern-Aegean barbiton, or "lyre" can refer generally to all three instruments as a family. [1], There are several regional variations in the design of thin lyres. The sanir consists of a longish, shallow box across which the strings are fixed, the player holding it on his lap. 176) calls attention to the fact that in the Orient it is still the custom for a precentor to sing one strophe, which is repeated three, four, or five tones lower by the other singers. Today, scholars divide instruments referred to as kitharis into two subgroups, the round-based cylinder kithara and the flat-based concert kithara. A giant lyre found in the ancient city of Susa (c2500 BCE) is suspected to have been played by only a single instrumentalist, and giant lyres in Egypt dating from the Hellenistic period most likely also required only a single player. Melody, therefore, must then have had comparatively great freedom and elasticity and must have been like the Oriental melody of today. The main percussion instrument of the Israel music instruments range is the Tabret, also known as the Timbrel in Hebrew, the Deff in Islam, and the Module in the Spanish culture. vi. The Sachs-Hornbostel system (or H-S System) is a comprehensive, global method of classifying acoustic musical instruments. One type of music, based on Shlomo Carlebach's, is very popular among Orthodox artists and their listeners. The chromatic intervals survive as a relic of the Oriental tendency to divide an ordinary interval of pitch into subintervals (compare Hallel for Sukkot, the "lulab" chant), as a result of the intricacy of some of the vocal embroideries in actual employment, which are not infrequently of a character to daunt an ordinary singer. xxxiii. It is mainly an Israeli frame drum form and probably the oldest version of a man-made drum. It was first brought to Europe in the 12th century, and from the 14th through the 16th, it was known as a Psaltery or Zither in its European form. On account of the important part which women from the earliest times took in singing, it is comprehensible that the higher pitch was simply called the maiden's key, and ha-sheminit would then be an octave lower. [1], While similar to the bull lyre in size, the thick lyre did not contain the head of an animal, but did depict images of animals on the arms or yoke of the instrument. Unfortunately few definite statements can be made concerning the kind and the degree of the artistic development of music and psalm-singing. For the annual award, see, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Distinctions among Canaanite, Philistine, and Israelite Lyres, and Their Global Lyrical Contexts, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinnor&oldid=1116995835, Culture articles needing translation from German Wikipedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Articles with MusicBrainz instrument identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. 1770 BC; Alalakh, 1500-1400 BC. Psaltery 2. [original research?] Both regional and religious influences enhanced the depth and the richness of Israeli music throughout the years. In this connection mention may be made of the alternating song of the seraphim in the Temple, when called upon by Isaiah (comp. The ancient Hebrews had two stringed instruments, the "kinnor" () and the "nebel" (). The translation of "kinnor" by presupposes a similarity between the Hebrew and the Greek instruments, a supposition that is confirmed by the illustrations of the kinnor found on Jewish coins (see illustration), which is very similar to both the Greek lyre and cithara. Finally, there is the tradition that the nebel, unlike the kinnor, was an instrument that stood upright. It belongs to the stringed instrument family and has a pear-shaped body, along with a deeply vibrant tone. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Singer, Isidore; etal., eds. Tambourine 10. Kinnor (Hebrew: .mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"SBL Hebrew","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans} knnr) is an ancient Israelite musical instrument in the yoke lutes family, the first one to be mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.
