Brooks, T. A. (2015). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,102(46), 1656916572. Any paper published in the https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.5090140304. time. Fong, E. A. The influence of author self-citations on bibliometric meso-indicators: The case of European universities. useful reference points for comparison and they are the basis of normalization to overcome subject bias. Is collaboration among scientists related to the citation impact of papers because their quality increases with collaboration? The citation rate for all years is the total number of citations Analysis of the world's 20 largest publishers by volume, ranked by average number of citations in 2020 received by articles published in 2017, 2018 and 2019 (Dimensions, 2021). With three journals each from eight fields, a total of 24 journals were selected (Table 1). 2010). Impact than biochemistry & molecular biology. [29] In 2008 the Journal of Medical Internet Research began publishing views and Tweets. Authors as citers over time. CiteScore covers all journal titles in Elsevier's Scopus database and is released once a year. In addition, we expect these findings to shed light on the influence that the current influx of Covid-19 literature will have on Journal Impact Factor (JIF) in the years ahead. Another Peroni, S., Ciancarini, P., Gangemi, A., Nuzzolese, A. G., Poggi, F., & Presutti V. (2019). The publication channels for many Highly Cited Researchers are the journals readily recognised as leading in their field, but this is not the case for some prolific self-citers. Bonzi, S., & Snyder, H. W. (1991). There are 4 Frontiers journals in the top 10% in at least one category, and 23 journals are in the top 25%. Disentangling Gold Open Access. Zhao, D. Z., & Strotmann, A. [54] Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparison across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared. LibGuides: Essential Science Indicators: Learn the Basics On the shoulders of Robert Merton: Towards a normative theory of citation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Each graph includes Q1, Median, Q3 and the lower and upper thresholds (set at 1.5 and 3 times the inter-quartile range, IQR) for indicative outliers (see Fig. Any person attempting to do this would have to publish very frequently to make any difference. Or is the management of the journals also a problem? https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153730. Such reasons imply behaviors that conform both to Mertonian norms and also to the social constructivist interpretation of citation theory (Merton 1942; Kaplan 1965; Moravcsik and Murugesan 1975; Gilbert 1977; Cozzens 1989; Bonzi and Snyder 1991; White 2001; Bornmann and Daniel 2008; Davis 2009; Erikson and Erlandson 2014; Tahamtan and Bornmann 2018, 2019; Aksnes et al. The Citation Report feature displays bar charts for the number of items published each year and the number of citations each year, plus counts for the average number of citations per item, the number of citations per year per publication, average number of citations per year per publication, and the H-index. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23302. 2015). Average citation rate for publications in a number research fields According to Clarivate Analytics, a Cited Reference Search will . https://beckerguides.wustl.edu/impactofpublications, Quantifying the Impact of My Publications, publication_data h_index m_index research_impact quantification_publication_data. The report does not reveal how many citations are from any single year between 2008 and the present. ISBN 978-84-9048-519-4. Citations can be an indicator of publication significance, utility, attention, visibility or short-term impact but analysts need to confirm whether a high citation count for an individual is a genuine reflection of influence or a consequence of extraordinary, even excessive, self-citation. Scopus also offers a Citation Tracker feature that allows for a listing of articles, web sources and patents that cite a particular publication since 1996. Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22976. Yang, D. H., Li, X., Sun, X. X., & Wan, J. van Raan, A. F. J. Journal of Psychosomatic Research,78(1), 711. In addition, we included papers categorized by Web of Science as Review to capture meta-analyses and systematic reviews as well. A variety of values for N may be considered, where a low threshold would be more exclusive, delineating a relatively large proportion of researchers to be reviewed, and a high threshold would be conservative, maximising inclusiveness and focussing only on extreme outliers. ScienceDirect is a database that contains over 25% of the worlds science, technology and medicine full text and bibliographic information (journals and books) published by Elsevier and other publishers. 6, 7, 8 and 9. Porter, A. L. (1977). Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America, Affiliation: We found that there a significant correlation between the values for individual researchers. PMC offers a feature that allows for location of citing works in PMC. 2019; DAntuono and Ciavarella 2019; Ioannidis et al. arXiv preprint arXiv:1208.4566. Davis, P. M. (2009). The fourth age of research. Pichappan, P., & Sarasvady, S. (2002). A clear exception to the general profile is Mathematics, where self-citation rates in the continuous distribution may be well above 30%. Large increases and decreases in journal impact factors in only one year: The effect of journal self-citations. These "tweetations" proved to be a good indicator of highly cited articles, leading the author to propose a "Twimpact factor", which is the number of Tweets it receives in the first seven days of publication, as well as a Twindex, which is the rank percentile of an article's Twimpact factor. Biagioli, M., Kenney, M., Martin, B. R., & Walsh, J. P. (2019). Field weighted citation impact (FWCI) is calculated by dividing the total number of citations an article has received the year it was published and 3 complete calendar years after its publication by the average number of citations articles of the same field, publication type, and publication year are expected to receive within the same time period. (608) 262-2020 Ioannidis et al. Some characteristics of citing works that can be used for narrative purposes include: The inherent assumption is that significant publications will demonstrate a high citation count. *Neurosciences: The ranking is calculated from total citations for all journals in the Frontiers Neuroscience journal series, in the Neuroscience subject area (CiteScore 2020 edition). Total citations, or average citation count per article, can be reported for an individual author or researcher. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24046. The larger the minimum number of citations, the smaller the peer group. Highly cited papers are defined for this purpose as those in the top 1% by citations in their ESI field and for their year of publication. Motivations for citations: A comparison of self-citation and citation to others. Price, D. J. D. (1976). [1][2][3][4][5] Citation counts are interpreted as measures of the impact or influence of academic work and have given rise to the field of bibliometrics or scientometrics,[6][7] specializing in the study of patterns of academic impact through citation analysis. Fields are ranked by median self-referencing, Key parameters for analysing the distributions of the frequency of self-citations among Highly Cited Researchers (20082018) by Essential Science Indicator fields. 2016; Heneberg 2016; Fong and Wilhite 2017; Zaggl 2017; Scarpa et al. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271071, Editor: Ayman Elbehiry, Qassim University, College of Public Health and Informatics, SAUDI ARABIA, Received: February 26, 2022; Accepted: June 22, 2022; Published: July 27, 2022. Scientometrics 123, 11191147 (2020). Content analysis of references: Adjunct or alternative to citation counting. [47] Two reasons for this are that many of the top-cited journals today are still only hybrid OA (author has the option to pay for gold)[48] and many pure author-pays OA journals today are either of low quality or downright fraudulent "predatory journals," preying on authors' eagerness to publish-or-perish, thereby lowering the average citation counts of OA journals.[49]. Carley, S., Porter, A. L., & Youtie, J. Profesional de la Informacin,27(2), 241253. The 2020 Journal Impact Factors are based on citations in 2020 to articles published in 2018 and 2019. Citation counts follow mostly a lognormal distribution, except for the long tail, which is better fit by a power law.[17]. 8,835 of these papers received a number of citations that placed them in the top 1% of all Engineering papers in the past 10 years. https://doi.org/10.1177/016555159802400606. Scientometrics,21(2), 245254. This term is used to denote any fixed fraction of top papers ordered by citation count. Each graph shows the frequency distribution of the original data for the researchers and a computed log-normal fit of these data to a negative binomial distribution. [15], Citation distribution is skewed for journals because a very small number of articles is driving the vast majority of citations; therefore, some journals have stopped publicizing their impact factor, e.g. Changing patterns of self-citation: Cumulative inquiry or self-promotion? Other companies report similar metrics, such as the CiteScore (CS), based on Scopus. 1 with the parameters of a lognormal fit to a negative binomial distribution. Many other measures have been proposed, beyond simple citation counts, to better quantify an individual scholar's citation impact. San Francisco, CA. Other journal-level metrics include the Eigenfactor, and the SCImago Journal Rank. Self-citations and scientific evaluation: Leadership, influence, and performance. Because baselines are based on the mean set of papers and the mean is influencedby the presence of highly cited papers, the mean average will be considerably higher than the median. affiliations represented by the authors of the citing works (academia, industry, government, etc. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.5090160305. Self-citations in scientific literature. Ghiasi, G., Larivire, V., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2016). However, its self-citation pattern is much more similar to Clinical Medicine. (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016070029935. 844851. San Jose, CA. Bornmann, L., & Daniel, H.-D. (2008). Article https://doi.org/10.22452/mjlis.vol23no2.2. Field normalized citation metrics are an article level metric. Michael D. Brandt, ESI is a compilation of science performance statistics and science trends data using data from Clarivate Analytics Web of Science. Frontiers in Physics, 4, article number 49. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2016.00049. proposed a statistical method to evaluate the universality of citation impact metrics, i.e., their capability to compare impact fairly across fields. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb026644. Viiu, G. A. Impact Progress Report 2021 On the skewness of journal self-citations and publisher self-citations: Cues for discussion from a case study. The continuous central range extends up to at least 30% self-citing: this is a rate well above most other fields. If these papers were suppressed then this would not only be an appropriate signal to the offender and their co-authors but also serve to remove offensive noise from the research information system. Web of Science provides evidence of collaboration with other scientists and institutions, publication productivity, cited-by works, the h-index and also includes tools for creating citation maps. Zhao and Strotmann (2018) argued, on the basis on in-text analysis, that self-citations may be more important than other types of citation. PLoS ONE 17(7): When comparing Covid-19 papers and the 1:1 randomized sample of non-Covid-19 papers, the median citation decreases from 21.63 to 20.1 for non-Covid-19 citations and the citation ratio between Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 papers climbs to 6.01 (p = <0.001). Scientometrics,11(12), 8197. 3) HPoP also provides an age-weighted citation rate (AWCR) that measures the average number of citations to an entire body of work, adjusted for the number of years since the academic's first paper was published. `Amongst all fields, only articles categorized as Medicine, General, or Internal according to WOS see a bump (28%) in citation rates that can be attributed to the field itself. e0271071. 2017; Mishra et al. It is said that one persons outlier may be, for an NBD, simply an extreme part of the skew. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,59(10), 16311643. The 2020 Journal Impact Factors, published in the 2021 Journal Citation Report, are based on citations in 2020 to articles published in 2018 and 2019. Reward or persuasion? Some descriptive examples illustrate the variation. The citation rate in any single year can serve as a baseline to assess the impact of a paper in the same research field published in that year. Mean citation rate per article in mathematics journals: Differences from the scientific model. Recent publications exhibit lower citation impact due to the fact that older papers have Insights into the relationship between the h-Index and self-citations. The log plots provide an informative analysis for outlier detection. Example: An article published in October 2017 has been cited 8 times in 2017, 5 times in 2018, 5 times in 2019, 5 times in 2020, and 15 times in 2021. ScienceDirect offers a search feature that displays cited references (journal articles or books) for a specific author or publication. Data were analyzed with R software version 4.1.2 [10] using the packages (Rcmdr) [11] and (glm2) [12]. The following excerpt from a Citation Rates table reveals that on average, a paper from a Geosciences research field published in 2008 received 9.55 citations, and a paper from an Immunology research field published in 2008 received 20.42 citations. The number of Highly Cited Researchers to be selected in each field is determined once the bulk of the highly cited papers in each field have been clustered by author. [53] Their analysis identifies universal impact metrics, such as the field-normalized h-index. Part of Springer Nature. Since the purpose of analysing highly cited research is to recognize scientists and social scientists with community-wide influence, which such portfolios lack, we introduced a filter to detect and review those whose high citation profile was in fact narrow and substantially self-generated. 2: r=0.55, N=240 researchers, P<0.001) and for the ESI field of Engineering (r=0.59, N=225 researchers, P<0.001). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.12.003. A concise review on the role of author self-citations in information science, bibliometrics and science policy. What do citations count? 2018; Baccini et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03139-3. Egghe, L. (1987). Are 90% of academic papers really never cited? Reviewing the literature
