"high-status" artifacts per burial from selected spiro phase (ad 1250-1450) sites 10 2.1. craig Mound prior to excavation 14 2.2. north cone of the craig Mound during excavation by the wPa 16 4.1. ceramic attributes and key 28 4.2. ceramic vessel profiles 31 4.3. whole and partial . The artefacts they discovered were immediately sold around the globe. Probably, most of these valuable objects are lost, but some have been returned through donation and have been documented by scholars. Anthropologists have thought that the Caddo and related peoples had been living in the region for centuries and that they had their own local variant of Mississippian culture. Spiro Mounds (34 LF 40) is major Northern Caddoan Mississippian archaeological site located in Eastern Oklahoma. Fresh off the press, the newest (2020) printing of the classic 1952 volume dedicated to Spiro Mounds. [19] The Caddoan languages once had a broad geographic distribution, but many are now extinct. a total of 17 blades plus three maces in the group sold to Mr. Arrowheads are the most identifiable archaeological artifact in the world, the triangular tips of arrow shafts used for hunting and warfare. Director, Ohio State Museum. Forrest E. Clements- Worked for the state as an archaeologist, wrote the first interpretation of the Spiro Mound. Spiro's treasures include engraved conch shells from the Florida Keys, copper breastplates from the Great Lakes and beads from the Gulf of California. Native American Art, Ritual, and Cosmic Renewal. The "Great Mortuary", as archaeologists called this hollow chamber, appears to have begun as a burial structure for Spiro's rulers. "But then Spiro took off These were sold to Mr. Cooperrider of Use of drones over Oklahoma Historical Society property is not permitted without written approval of the facility director. Hamilton, Henry, Jean Tyree Hamilton, & Eleanor Chapman. long. Despite the efforts of archeologists from . Number 3, 2003. spiromound-0008- Figure 8: 3000 First identified in 1914 by Joseph Thoburn, a professor at the University of Oklahoma, the mounds were part of the Choctaw Nation land allotment. this 13 1/8 inch flint lance has a maximum thickness at one Artifacts found during this period reflect a major shift and resemble those typical of groups living on the Plains, such as the Wichita. Like the other eastern mounds, it was palisaded. base. Engraving of a Birdman found in Spiro Mound. The Craig Moundthe second-largest one and the only burial mound at Spirohoused the remains of important leaders along with clothing, fur, baskets, and other items to help ease their . The Spiro Mounds, 12 of which are extant today, were constructed in four phases and completed prior to c. 1250 CE. As their finds began to interest collectors, word reached a University of Oklahoma professor who asked the diggers to stop. Our first view of the mounds. cutout copper sheet human head effigy with repousse designs. ", "Tejas-Caddo Fundamentals-Caddoan Languages and Peoples", This little-known Native American society was once as powerful as the Aztecs and Incas, Spiro Mounds on Oklahoma Historical Society, Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center on TravelOK.com, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, "Towns and Temples of the Mississippian Culture" (animation video), Spiro Mounds Site, 18154 First Street, Spiro, Le Flore, OK, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, National Register of Historic Places listings in LeFlore County, Oklahoma, List of National Historic Landmarks in Oklahoma, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiro_Mounds&oldid=1124562673, Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma, Protected areas of Le Flore County, Oklahoma, Historic American Landscapes Survey in Oklahoma, National Register of Historic Places in Le Flore County, Oklahoma, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Oklahoma Historical Society800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive, Oklahoma City, OK 73105 | 405-521-2491Site Index | Contact Us | Privacy | Press Room | Website Inquiries, Get Updates in Your Inbox Keep up to date with our weekly newsletter delivered straight to your inbox. The Caddoan Mississippian towns had a more irregular layout of earthen mounds and associated villages than did towns in the Middle Mississippian heartland to the east. Even so, the men kept digging illegally, and in August 1935 with three months left on their lease, they broke into the burial chamber and proceeded to plunder it. It is frequently represented as a tree (including the Tree of Life), since trees pass through the surface of the earth and connect the subsurface and the sky. Containing six mounds, it was the largest known ritual center in the region from AD 1000 to 1550. Wonderfully rare little artifact gem. Fri, Feb 19, 2021. [11] Cahokia also influenced the styles of the artifacts made at Spiro. Below it are shown two stone earspools with copper coverings. D. It was the only burial mound created by the Norman mound builders. These mounds were the bases of the homes of important leaders or formed the foundations for religious structures that focused the attention of the community. Spiro Mound. Scholars have determined that Battle Mound, lying along the Great Bend of the Red River in southwest Arkansas, was a larger site than Spiro. The heart of the site is a group of nine mounds surrounding an oval plaza. It is unknown why it was abandoned. A treasure lost to time: Looters destroyed America's largest collection of Native American relics. Archaeologists have identified four distinct styles: the Braden Style characteristic of artifacts brought from Cahokia and the Craig A, B, and C styles that are local derivatives of the Braden Style.[11][12]. Living on the western edge of the Mississippian world, the Caddoan may have faced fewer military threats from their neighbors. A. A. The cone-shaped chamber was covered with layers of earth to create the mound, preventing collapse. The looting of Spiro, exhibits explain, was driven by the desperation of the Great Depression. This break can be identified by a small shadow in the middle of . 18154 First Street Twelve mounds lie on approximately 150 acres in which the Spiro lived and worked. It is a Spiro Mound site that has a large amount of burial art and artifacts. THE SPIRO MOUNDS DIG. remaining items from the Wehrle Cache shown in Figure 22. Running horizontally along the inner walls, the lines indicate that the hollow inside was perhaps carefully scraped away. The largest, Mound C, served as the mortuary facility for Etowahs elite and included objects and iconographic imagery matching other regional stylesnamely Braden. The Mississippian societies shared elaborate rituals, a pictographic writing system, and mounds built from earth around central plazas. The story of the long-forgotten Spiro settlement seems particularly timely. An item that was dropped off at a western New York Goodwill site turns out to be an ancient artifact from eastern Oklahoma that . Now, many have been reunited in a new museum exhibit. It had an earthen ramp that gave access to the summit from the northern side. It is in present-day Georgia and sits on the banks of the Etowah River in Bartow County, just south of Cartersville. Closed Monday and Tuesdays. eye design is like the marking of the peregrine falcon. Archaeologists say the leaders rebuilt an existing royal burial mound, filling the hollow chamber with the most powerful ritual objects they had including rare minerals, feathered capes, axes and other weapons. The Spiro Mounds in Oklahoma, one of the most important places in ancient America and was called the "Tut's Tomb" of the Arkansas Valley. The Mississippian people moved and traded between towns and regions by walking or using canoes. Leflore Co, OK. The mounds are one of the most important American Indian sites in the nation. Also, their societies may have had a somewhat lower level of social stratification. Founded around AD 1050, this site is divided into five separate phases: Lohmann (AD 10501100), Stirling (AD 10001200), Moorehead (AD 12001275), Sand Prairie (AD 12751350), and Oneta (AD 13501650). "The Spiros were family with us," said Chase Earles, a Caddo artist from Ada, Oklahoma, whose contemporary pottery and historical illustrations are included in the new exhibit. Aside from the cultural importance of the . Repousse male profile in copper with two earspools. someones lunch sack. This photograph shows the "I always heard a little bit about it, but we never really paid attention," said Wesley Cloud, a school track coach who grew up in the nearby town of Spiro, which gives the site its name. This site has been significant for North American archaeology since the 1930s, especially due to its many preserved textiles and a wealth of shell carving. piece is shown in Ancient Art of the American Woodland Indians on The Spiro site includes twelve earthen mounds and 150 acres of land. was glued together as shown in the photograph taken April 15, Permanent settlement at Spiro lasted from the year 800 until 1450, when the population suddenly declined and dispersed. This The Great Serpent is portrayed in Mississippian art with a serpent's body, but also with wings or horns. The Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center is the only prehistoric Native American archaeological site in Oklahoma open to the public. Mar 16, 2022 3 4. Rogers, J. Daniel "Chronology and the Demise of Chiefdoms: Eastern Oklahoma in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. The goal of exhibition is to share the history of the Spiro culture from its humble beginnings to its rise as one of the premier cultural sites in all of North America. This new chiefdom was visited by Hernando de Soto in August 1540. Wehrle. At that time, the assemblage . Admission fees are waived while the center is undergoing updates. These were purchased Style analysis of the objects found at Spiro reveals that many objects were imported from different regions across the southeastern United States and probably arrived at the site via a system of interregional exchange. 1.3. May 13, 2023 20 3/4 . de Soto's forces also encountered numerous Caddo villages. Early looting of the site led to new laws, making Oklahoma one the first states to preserve and scientifically research archaeological sites. Whos Who in Indian Relics, #5 (1980), where it is said; This photograph shows an Also, These settlements rose to prominence beginning in the 800s during a period of favourable weather patterns that allowed them to create stable, agriculture-based societies, said Dennis Peterson, an archaeologist and manager of the Spiro site. An archaeological find unmatched in modern times. However, the cultures of all these peoples, when encountered by the Spanish and French in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, were substantially different from that of Spiro. The majority of the Spiro artifacts are housed at the Gilcrease Museum, but Special Collections has a few artifacts, and . Leflore Co, OK. Includes 2 Copper Pieces (1 3/4" and 2 1/4"). he was not a collector, he asked Bell to purchase the frame for
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