Was slavery the reason for the Civil War? the north would cut off cotton exports, the British factories would close, mobs would force London to break the blockade, and the South would win; the British began to grow cotton in India, so this did not happen. There was, moreover, growing revulsion at the ruthlessness of slave hunters under the Fugitive Slave Law (1850), and the far-reaching emotional response to Harriet Beecher Stowes antislavery novel Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) further strengthened the abolitionist cause. Slaves were told that their masters would protect them, giving them a safe home and access to their own church communities. Slavery and Civil War Flashcards | Quizlet Rather, they note that the master-slave relationship has existed since the beginning of humanityand, that as long as masters understand their obligation to slaves (including the provision of spiritual sustenance), the system is overall an acceptable one. . Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 18651920. A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would consider it as an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. Stout, Harry S. Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War. Garrisons uncompromising tone infuriated not only Southerners but many Northerners as well and was long treated as though it were typical of abolitionism in general. Encyclopedia.com. Defenders of the institution also lashed out directly at abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison for daring to call into question their way of life. What was one goal of the American Colonization Society? Southern apologists argued that the institution of slavery was a "positive good" because it subsidized an elegant lifestyle for a white elite and provided tutelage for genetically inferior Africans. It came under the leadership of William Lloyd Garrison, a Boston journalist and social reformer. Johnson, Thomas Cary. Those who attended churches where the slaves of several families were active had a chance as well to meet others in their unique predicament; they could have relatively normal conversations without feeling constrained by the yoke they usually wore (Boles 1994, p. 55). Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). . What Are The Hot Pools In Yellowstone Called. . Need I pause to show how this system of servitude underlies and supports our material interests; that our wealth consists in our lands and in the serfs who till them; that from the nature of our products they can only be cultivated by labor which must be controlled in order to be certain; that any other than a tropical race must faint and wither beneath a tropical sun? John C. Calhoun, shown here in a ca. Privacy Policy Contact Us This entry includes 2 subentries: The Confederate constitution explicitly guaranteed slave property in both the states and in any newly acquired territory. During the Second Seminole War of 1835-1842. many escaped slaves hiding in Florida fought with the Native Americans against U.S. soldiers. According to Fitzhugh: [I]t is clear the Athenian democracy would not suit a negro nation, nor will the government of mere law suffice for the individual negro. He and his supporters were known, after all, as "black Republicans," a term purposefully designed to conjure an image of radical abolitionism. . . Later, U.S. victory in the Mexican War of 1846-1848 brought the nation vast new acreage in the West. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. John Adger (18101899), who preached in a Presbyterian church in Charleston, South Carolina, served as a missionary in what are now Turkey and Armenia for a dozen years; he returned to the United States in 1846 and wished to return to his missionary work. A lot of Puritans are in the North as well, and they don't condone slavery as much and believe it a sin (manstealing). How does Calhoun go beyond the traditional legal defenses of slavery and attempt to convince the audience that slavery is, indeed, good for all involved? . The Historian Behind Slavery Apologists Like Kanye West It also showed enslavers willingness to unite against the federal government when they believed it acted unjustly against their interests. He is but a grown up child and must be governed as a child . Chapter 11 Study Guide Flashcards | Quizlet . He would become an insufferable burden to society. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); From an anti-abolitionist, pro-slavery cartoon, 1800. I have seen them rock to and fro under the influence of their feelings, like a wood in a storm. . Between 1945 and 1969, archaeologists hurriedly surveyed over 20,000 prehistorical sites before the Mississippi River Basin was flooded by dams. . I might well challenge a comparison between them and the more direct, simple, and patriarchal mode by which the labor of the African race is, among us, commanded by the European. The war began because a compromise did not exist that could solve the difference between the free and slave states regarding the power of the national government to prohibit slavery in territories that had not yet become states. They were staunch supporters of slavery even though they rarely owned slaves. it required southern postmasters to destroy it and told southern state officials to arrest federal postmasters who did not comply, no, many northerners wanted to keep the clauses on slavery in the Constitution, those who did not want to fully abolish slavery but prevent it from extending it west, an organization created in the Great Depression that hired people to improve culture, including interviewing remaining former slaves from Virginia to Texas for three years; most of the slaves were very old and/or had been very young when enslaved, so they weren't as useful. In the South, however, clergy were confronted with trying to defend slavery. Enslaved Africans supplied the free labor that helped the British Empire prosper for much of the 18th century. (Palmer 1860, p. 8). The enthusiasm with which slaves embraced Christianity was in part a result of their desire to find a faith that they could embrace in a new landand that would embrace them. What did Southern apologists believe about slavery quizlet? On the other hand, abolitionist arguments against slavery challenged proslavery apologists to push slave evangelization: If slavery was to be defended as a positive good, the slaves had to be converted to Christianity and master-slave relations had to be conducted along biblical lines. //]]>. White southerners responded by putting forth arguments in defense of slavery, their way of life, and their honor. Biblical Reasons. The war, which began as a sectional power struggle to preserve the Union, in turn led Lincoln (who had never been an abolitionist) to emancipate enslaved persons in areas of the rebellion by the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) and led further to the freeing of all enslaved persons in the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865. According to this formulation, no single human family origin existed, and Black people made up a race wholly separate from the White race. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. The push to abolish slavery in the United States proved more difficult because slavery was driven by domestic rather than colonial enterprises and was the social and economic base of the plantations of 11 Southern states. Sig= provided insight into the horrible life of a slave. The Antebellum South If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. 6 (June 1860): 401409. Girardeau served as a Confederate chaplain during the war; after the war ended, his former slave congregants, now free men and women, implored him to "come back to preach to them as of old" (White 1911, p. 304). Instead, Calhoun insisted, slavery was a positive good. He went further, making legal arguments about the Constitution protecting states rights to preserve slavery. when did white southern abolitionism begin to fade? The Constitution is silent on the question of secession. B. But a number of factors combined to give the movement increased momentum, particularly as abolitionisms cause became caught up in the undercurrents of sectionalism. I'm Cary Hardy, an education expert and consultant. They argued that the Industrial Revolution had brought about a new type of slaverywage slaveryand that this form of slavery was far worse than the slave labor used on southern plantations. In what way was the South a paternalistic society during the days of slavery? Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. The threat of an armed revolt alarmed Americans on both sides of the debate over slavery. Southerners, to justify the loss of some 260 thousand men, had to try to understand, from their perspective, why God slept while they fought. This message was accepted gladly both by whites and a significant number of slaves. In the North, the abolitionist cause was the driving force behind the message from religious institutions and theologians. I have had my finger joints stripped of the skin in consequence of them (White 1911, p. 301). Many planters worked their land until it was exhausted. JSTOR, the JSTOR logo, and ITHAKA are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. How Antebellum Christians Justified Slavery. In the 1840s and 50s, Northerners and Southerners took increasingly adamant stands on the question of permitting or outlawing slavery in new Western territories, a matter with the potential to alter the regional balance of power in the country. In the years leading up to the Civil War and through the war years, Southern ministers brought this concept into their pulpits, often using extreme language, such as referring to Northerners as "atheists" and "infidels" (Farmer 1999, p. 11). What did Southern apologists believe about slavery? - Brainly . The economic argument, however, failed to address the exploitative nature of slavery. Proslavery theology persisted because religious arguments had situated slavery amidst other forms of household order and had relied upon widely accepted views of womens subordination as a corollary to slaves deprivation of rights. Southern Christians not only kept their antebellum worldview, they reaffirmed it as they helped rebuild the legal and social structures of white supremacy after terrorism and Northern indifference defeated Reconstruction. The roots of the crisis over slavery that gripped the nation in 18601861 go back to the nations founding. . Slaves worked at their own pace with little supervision during an eight-hour day. If that were impossible, it was thought, then the North and South should part ways. In 1859 an armed band of abolitionists led by John Brown raided the federal armoury in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now in West Virginia), in an attempt to initiate an armed rebellion of enslaved persons. It cannot be subverted without drenching the country in blood . By the beginning of the Civil War, many Southerners saw themselves as morally superior to Northerners; after all, they had never tried to force their way of life onto the North. . Richmond, VA: Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1911. Fitzhughs ideas exemplified southern notions of paternalism. Abolition and the Union cannot coexist. "The particular trust assigned to such a people becomes the pledge of the divine protection, and their fidelity to it determines the fate by which it is finally overtaken." . Forced to sign a document stating that Texas was independent after losing the Battle of San Jacinto in April 1836. 72, No. what was the American Colonization Society? There is and always has been in an advanced stage of wealth and civilization,a conflict between labor and capital. It afforded greater long-term security In the upper tier of southern states, the principal slave-produced commodity was. This outcome was in part the result of different forms of church government; all three of these churches were organized into dioceses (or synods, in the case of the Lutherans) that were largely defined by territory; thus extreme abolitionist and proslavery views did not meet at the national level in these bodies. The role of the church in the Civil War and the events leading up to it was primarily one of moral guidance. At the other end of the abolitionist spectrum and in between stood such men and women as Theodore Weld, James Gillespie Birney, Gerrit Smith, Theodore Parker, Julia Ward Howe, Lewis Tappan, Salmon P. Chase, and Lydia Maria Child, all of whom represented a variety of stances, all more conciliatory than Garrisons. Reprinted in Early American Writing Its pages featured firsthand accounts of the horrors of slavery in the South and exposed, for many, the inhumane treatment of enslaved people on U.S. soil. . Frustrated with decades of what they saw as attacks on their morality by the abolitionist movement, many Southerners dug in their heels and became increasingly suspicious of the North. In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. Tolbert County, Maryland In 1874, for instance, the Southern Methodists General Convention reaffirmed their attitudes and actions in the antebellum period, historian Elizabeth L. Jemison writes in her exploration of proslavery Christianity after Emancipation. C. They felt free Black people were treated worse than the enslaved people in the South. Harriet Tubman was like Douglass, she too had escapedenslavement and became a prominent abolitionist. From the 1820s until the start of the U.S. Civil War, abolitionists called on the federal government to prohibit the ownership of people in the Southern states. Sig= showed the absolute subjugation of slaves at this time. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. . New York: Viking, 2006. ITHAKA. Slave owners believed they helped enslaved people by providing food, shelter, and clothing while relieving them of responsibility. Thanks for reading! . Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. Actually, it was not. How did apologists describe the institution of slavery before the 1830s? Published in 1994 Is Uc San Diego The Same As University Of San Diego? Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Sig= was a weak justification for slavery and racism in the south. In this 1837 speech, John C. Calhoun, then a U.S. senator, vigorously defended the institution of slavery and stated the essence of this new intellectual defense of the institution: Southerners must stop apologizing for slavery and reject the idea that it was a necessary evil. They argued that slaves lived in better conditions than factory workers. In the mid-1800s, slave owners in the South believed in the chattel principle, or the belief that slaves were pieces of moving property and therefore would always belong to their owners. Included Virginia, South Carolina, and Louisiana. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980. did not create uniform prosperity throughout the region. Tobacco A major reason for the weaker hold of slavery in the upper South was the. In the meantime, the White or European race, has not degenerated. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. The seceding states made their motives clear in many ways. the belief that people of African descent were mentally and morally inferior, The internal slave trade in the Unites States ran from the, During the nineteenth century, the center of cotton production. what was the main goal of early abolitionist societies? "The Difference in Race between Northern and Southern People." His newspaper, The Liberator, lived up to its promise that it would not equivocate in its war against slavery. More important, from the point of view of the congregants, both black and white, is the message sent from Southern pulpits that protection was the watchword. Edited by Giles Gunn, SOUTH, THE SOUTH, THE . That, suggests. The former-slave Frederick Douglass noted that that the framers purposefully avoided the mention of slavery in the Constitution. And the states never delegated to the federal government any power to suppress secession. Southern ministers had written the majority of all published defenses of slavery, Jemison reminds us. Can you think of a modern parallel to Fitzhughs argument? Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. At the time of the Civil War, there were approximately ________ slaves in the South. Myth of the Lost Cause-America's Most Successful Propaganda - History The first was their loyalty to the South and to the Southern way of life. At one end of its spectrum was William Lloyd Garrison, an immediatist, the founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society (183370), who denounced not only slavery but also the Constitution of the United States for tolerating the evil. // By that time, American abolitionists had realized the failure of gradualism and persuasion, and they subsequently turned to a more militant policy, demanding immediate abolition by law. 4 (WINTER 2013), pp. All Rights Reserved. slave labor was superior to Northern paid labor since slaves were outside, did not have to worry about unemployment or the economy, and they were cared for when sick or old, an 1836 measure supported by Southerners that was pushed through the House to require antislavery appeals to be postponed without debate; representative JQ Adams repealed it after 8 years. The Confederate Constitution was adopted by the Confederacy in opposition to the Union and the United States Constitution. On one side were advocates like Garrison, who called for an immediate end to slavery. Abolitionist Movement - Definition & Famous Abolitionists - History Theological justification from their ministers allowed them to believe that not only did God sanction slavery, but slaverys supporters were better Christians and more faithful interpreters of Biblical text than were their opponents. The slave-owning class was small, but it was supported by the overwhelming majority of churches and ministers., Considering they saw themselves as doing Gods work, white Southerners were shocked by the military defeat of the Confederacy. no, and many slaves were forbidden to testify in court, the area comprised of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana in which most slaves lived by 1860, no, and many states outlawed teaching them to read; at the beginning of the Civil War, 90% of slaves were illiterate, they could be hired out/rented for money; they would keep some of the money as encouragement and some used it to buy their freedom, in 1800, he led an armed uprising in Richmond, VA, but it was foiled by informers and the leaders hanged, he led a rebellion in Charleston in 1822, but informers foiled it and the leaders hanged; at a designated time, all Charleston slaves were supposed to kill their masters; it was widely publicized to show white dominance, he led an uprising in 1831 that killed 60 Virginians; he persuaded some slaves to obtain weapons and kill white people, but he was caught and tortured; it was kept secret to prevent other slaves from doing the same, but the story spread. Curiously, while most of them do note that the Bible sanctions slavery, they fail to give definitive proof in the way of specific passages. Stringfellow, Thornton. Rather than emphasize that slavery was a profitable labor system essential to the health of the southern economy, apologists turned to the Bible and history. In what way did the Confederate Constitution differ from the United States Constitution quizlet? Lincoln's famous "House Divided" speech of 1858 only. no, by 1850, less than 2,000 Southerners owned over 100 slaves and were usually politicians and aristocrats, yes, about 75% in 1860; they were mainly subsistence farmers who concentrated on corn and hogs. Which statement is true of cotton agriculture in the pre-Civil War era? For decades afterward, veterans and civilian survivors of the war, even those who agreed that slavery was an indefensible system, commemorated the Confederacy's spirited fight for self-determination. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. A key issue was states rights. Five years later the war ended and the ratification of the 13th Amendment formally ended slavery in December 1865. I may say with truth, that in few countries so much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age.
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