Essentialist definitions are not helpful to understanding; yet because what passes as banditry cannot be analytically separated from wide areas of social life, its presentation in discourse is particularly significant. These raids, in turn, endeared them to Spains colonial rivals England and France, which offered various forms of support. Run away from home and eventually became the leader of a group of bandits. Spraggs, Gillian. Cambridge, U.K., 1988. Banditry is an aggressive form of illegality and of adventurist capital accumulation found in certain social contexts, especially those marked by insecurity and violence; in this sense it is a product of political economy. Ithaca, N.Y., 1994. American Quarterly 56, no. In the late nineteenth century Corsican bandits liked to present themselves as "Robin Hood" figures. In Greece the notions of atichos (luckless) and moira (fate) were equally prevalent. Rome, 1986. This group are usually the bad people. "Social banditry" is a term invented by the historian Eric Hobsbawm in his 1959 book Primitive Rebels, a study of popular forms of resistance that also incorporate behaviour characterized as illegal. He set himself up outside the community and thus as the ultimate sacrificial victim. Once saved and closed, head to the folder Skyrim is located in. Meet the original thugs. [24] Another important skill was horsemanship, especially in the Northern Capital Region, where mounted banditry concentrated. In Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian collective imaginary, Local elites, not the peasant masses, generally provided the support, material assistance (food, arms, clothing), hiding places, and intelligence needed by bandit gangs. When elites denied them access to land or to a living wage, the rural masses struck back using legal and extralegal tactics, including banditry. Much like the rest of human language, these terms of venery come from literature, culture, and (in some cases) random happenstance. Sustained banditry required concealable, transportable wealth (cash, cash crops, animals, alcohol, narcotics) that left few traces. Eric J. Hobsbawm coined the term "social bandits" to describe Robin Hood-style outlaws who championed the oppressed peasants. Yes! Danker, Uwe. From the perspective of the state, the Mafia and brigantaggio became part of the wider questione meridionale (the southern question): Why is the South backward, crime ridden, and state resistant? Archives europennes de Sociologie 24 (1988): 127145. "Il brigantaggio nel Mezzogiorno dopo l'Unit d'Italia." The unduly positive images of historical bandits generated in folklore were offset by the negative images from politically motivated government sources. Consequently, it is difficult at the local level to distinguish those acts that can be called personal (such as a vendetta over a matter of honor) from those that can be labeled political (such as protecting the political interests of the elite). Tiger Yang once served as a personal military retainer of the aforementioned Ning Gao before turning to banditry; similarly, when facing unemployment, some of Ning's former "bandit catchers" simply joined the bandit leaders Liu Brothers. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . ." He and his gang invaded isolated farmhouses, terrorizing and torturing the female occupants into giving up their valuables. Bandit Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com In both cases, conflict and banditry broke down along partisan or regional, not class, lines. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. ." In central and eastern Europe and in the Balkans, it was found in the countryside, in specific conditions (such as following wars and massive dislocations) and in specific periods, especially in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when the modern nation-state was emerging. (April 27, 2023). Edited by John G. Persistiany and Julian Pitt-Rivers. Equipment Looters can spawn with in battle. Peasant complicity was not always imposed through terror but could also be spontaneous and lucrative. Some people, possibly to prove they paid attention in history class, also throw around privateer. As the term corsair is specific to the Mediterranean, the term buccaneer is specific to the Caribbean and the Pacific coast of Central America. Madrid, 1934. The most famous of all privateers is probably English admiral Francis Drake, who made a fortune plundering Spanish settlements in the Americas after being granted a privateering commission by Elizabeth I in 1572. The more protected an individual was, especially by powerful patrons, as in Sicily, the less he needed to use violence for the meanings it could convey and the more opportunities he had to employ ambiguity and courtesya point noted by many outside observers, although such courtesy must surely have been ironic. 75107. William M. "Bill" Dalton, born in 1866, was an outlaw as well and mainly rode . Although it would be simplistic to attribute the decline of banditry in the modern world to the state's increasing monopoly of violence, this is certainly important. 'A cauldron of bats generally assembles in a . Most bandits in Corsica saw themselves as victims; they spoke about their "disgrace," "destiny," and "fate" (poveru disgraziatu). [15] Furthermore, the Region's economy provided plentiful opportunities for highway robbery. The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED) defined "bandit" in 1885 as "one who is proscribed or outlawed; hence, a lawless desperate marauder, a brigand: usually applied to members of the organized gangs which infest the mountainous districts of Italy, Sicily, Spain, Greece, Iran, and Turkey". The Redbrands, sometimes called the Redbrand Ruffians, were a group of bandits and brigands active in the resettled frontier town of Phandalin and nearby Triboar Trail region in the late 15th century DR. They did not switch sides for financial gain but instead labored for a political, partisan, or regional agenda. "[10] As a result, Tong finds that banditry, like other types of collective violence, had a spatial and temporal pattern. As a type of predatory, acquisitive, and violent action by groups of men (sometimes including women), banditry has a long history dating from ancient Greece, Rome, and China. Souna is soon rescued by Garami, an Arms Peddler who sells weapons to clients wishing to buy guns. New York, 1937. One 1485 official report revealed that local people, some probably working as fences (see Fences in Ming China), purchased stolen animals and goods from highway bandits at lower prices. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Neither solely a prepolitical form of protest nor a means of suppressing peasant unrest, it may have performed these functions among others. That peasants were often misguided and ultimately shifted their loyalties only serves to demonstrate that they are incapable by nature of taking legitimate mass political actionunless, as Rousseau intimated, they are under the leadership of the more enlightened urban elites. Translated by Sergio Waisman. Political banditry often required outside support to be successful. 4 Encyclopedia Britannica . Alternatively, the offenders are betrayed by other families, also resulting in their deaths. He eventually settled on robbery. Chicago, 1935. It may be useful to distinguish between violence, as a performative act and a system of signs, and terror, as the effect of such actions on the wider social field within which bandits operate. Hobsbawm tended to an expressive interpretation. Elitist officials typically labeled as bandits any groups that threatened their political monopoly. The most famous French bandit of all times was Louis Dominique Cartouche (16931721), a celebrated Parisian outlaw, whose name became synonymous with "highway robber" to the French. There is evidence that this popular bandit really practiced some kind of redistribution of wealth. Souna Yuuki is a young boy who survives a massacre after his family is killed by a group of bandits called the Hydras, who burn a mark of their emblem into his hand and leaves him to die. [7] In his 1991 book Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty, James W. Tong uses data from provincial and prefectural gazetteers of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties to analyze patterns of violence during the Ming Dynasty. Each Redbrand wore a simple, dirty scarlet cloak. Koliopoulos, Johns. D for Donkeys A group of donkeys is called a drove. Christon Archer coined the term "guerrilla bandits" to describe opportunists who used war as an excuse to pillage. ." Names for Groups of Animals - The Fact Site As a legalistic and political-social category, banditry is formed by the impact of the state on local communities, and its meanings have changed across time to reflect these changing relationships. The buccaneers primary foe was Spain, which formally controlled Hispaniola and Tortuga and sought to expel the outlaws from its possessions. If youre not sure, you can usually refer to a large collection of a bug species as a swarm (for large groups of flying insects) or colony. Yet more research is needed. Foucault, Michel. Following their restoration in 1815, the Neapolitan Bourbons, rulers of Sicily, attempted to abolish feudalism and enclose common holdings, sub, Serbs How authorities have responded to this form of prepotency (either through savage repression or co-option of strongmen) has itself influenced responses to banditry at the local level. In their typical form, most stories about bandits can be reduced to the following pattern: The triggering incident is a slight to personal or family honor by another family or individual of equal or superior status. In Sicily mafiosi were actively involved in the risorgimento (the nineteenth-century movement for Italian unification), backing the adherents of Giuseppe Garibaldi and managing to wrest effective control of landed estates from the absentee Sicilian aristocracy. "Bandits and the State: Robbers and the Authorities in the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Seventeenth Century." The collective name for a group of apes is called a shrewdness. 33 views, 1 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from St Thomas the Apostle Hanwell: Parish Mass on the Fourth Sunday after Easter. 96 Words and Phrases for Group Of Bandits - Power Thesaurus [33] Such transition was not permanent and could often be reversed. Barkey, Karen. Rabbits can be called colonies, fluffles, herds, warrens, or nests when in a group, depending on the context. . On the Christian side the Knights of St. John, based in Malta, harassed Muslim commercial shipping in the 16th and 17th centuries. The act resembles both a sacrificein that the victim of the second murder is not responsible for the firstand a legal punishmentin that the violent retribution can be seen as imposing an act of reparation on the offender. In Archivio Storico per la Calabria e la Lucania 42, Rome, 1975. . . The population shared with rulers and governments the general feeling that pilfering beggars and occasional stealers of food and wood among the local poor were something one knew how to deal with. They mostly sustained themselves by hunting wild game, but they did also commit piracy when the opportunity arose. A group of bats can be referred to as a colony, cauldron, camp, or cloud. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. . New York, 1968. In the nineteenth-century Mediterranean, banditry was particularly strong where pastoralists occupied an intermediate position between small-scale cultivators and large-scale proprietors, as in northern Greece, or where overseers and sharecroppers occupied that position, as in rural Sicily, but also where pastoralism was prominent in its own right, as in Sardinia and Corsica. Bandits. Thus peasant complicity might be either active or passive but equally significant in both cases. What is a group of traveling merchants called? One exemplary leader was Zhang Mao of Wenan. On page 245 of A History of Crime in England, there is a record of the exploits of a gang leader called "Adam the Leper.". BANDIT | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, J "Banditry The legal term in the Holy Roman Empire was Acht or Reichsacht, translated as "Imperial ban". In the latter, banditry appears to have been more resilient, especially where a combination of external factors militated against turning pastoralists into peasants. Ruber und Gauner in Deutschland. A hares group is known as a husk, but the more used term that people would use is a drove of hares. If you see some of them in a group, they might be referred to as a gang or a pack. A full understanding takes into account not just the various ways in which strongmen were co-opted by the powerful but also how such men were portrayed by various strata of society. Similar views were initially entertained by Byron about the Greek Klephts. Gallant, Thomas W. "Greek Bandits: Lone Wolves or a Family Affair?" Modern research has tried to debunk this myth, but largely to no avail. Bandits required protection in order to survive; otherwise they were quickly killed by the landlords' retainers, the police, or the peasants. We know that a woman called Mara Bonita died with Lampio in a hail of gunfire in 1938. To compound matters, official government sources often purposely blur the distinction between bandit and revolutionary. They were known as train and bank robbers. Just to reiterate: Animal group names arent official. Literary romanticization of bandits was pronounced during the formation of nation-states and was often coupled with the desire of the urban literati to discover sources of opposition (often to foreign rule) in the countryside. As the genesis of banditry was personal, so too was its prosecution. Hobsbawm, E. J. Bandits. Manuel Garca's career as a profit-minded bandit antedated his service to the Cuban independence movement. In contrast, Rosalie Schwartz argues that western Cuba's banditry reflects neither class conflict nor social banditry. Wilson, Stephen. Bandits were portrayed in texts as outsiders and hence dangerous, as residues from the past and hence ambiguous, or as insiders and hence admirable.
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