Depletion and reaccumulation. BMJ. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. Serum vitamin C and the prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in the United States: 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 202 Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Stability of vitamin C derivatives in solution and topical formulations. Klingelhoeffer C, Kammerer U, Koospal M, et al. email:[emailprotected], Chlorophyll and Metallo-Chlorophyll Derivatives, Healthcare Professional Continuing Education, Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus, The Bioavailability of Different Forms of Vitamin C, Symposium on Vitamin CPart of the LPIs 9, Dr Linus Pauling's recommendation and the Linus Pauling Institute's recommendation for vitamin C intake, https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures, https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com, Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) biosynthesis, Peptidyl-glycine -amidating monooxygenase, 4 Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) isoenzymes, Ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenases, Jumonji domain-containing histone demethylases. 14. (PubMed), 71. Vitamin C. In: Erdman JWJ, Macdonald IA, Zeisel SH, eds. Cameron E, Pauling L. Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. 2009;56(5):764-770. Ann Intern Med. (PubMed), 204. Diabetes Care. (PubMed), 113. In addition, there is currently little evidence to support a role for vitamin C in the management of patients with gout (123). Am J Clin Nutr. 178. (PubMed), 145. Surprisingly, when an antioxidant combination (1,000 mg vitamin C, 800 IU vitamin E, 100 g selenium, and 25 mg -carotene daily) was taken with the simvastatin-niacin combination, the protective effects were diminished. Ascorbyl palmitate is marketed as "vitamin C ester," which should not be confused with Ester-C (see above). (PubMed), 107. 2017;71(12):1371-1380. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Levine M, Wang Y, Padayatty SJ, Morrow J. 201. Lp(a) is a "sticky bandage" within coronary arteries that may induce blood clots when vitamin C/lysine blood levels are low (9). Carriers of two copies of the Hp2 allele (Hp2-2) express a Hp protein that has a lower capacity to bind and remove pro-oxidant, free hemoglobin (Hb) from plasma, compared to Hp proteins coded by the Hp1-1 and Hp1-2 genotypes. Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding brain tissue. Vitamin C | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University / Vitamin C (PubMed), 166. Adv Nutr. Lysine also prevents collagen-digesting enzymes from destroying collagen. Thus, individuals suffering from certain diseases may require substantially larger amounts of vitamin C to achieve optimum body levels or derive therapeutic benefits, areas that were of great interest to Linus Pauling and need to be further explored. (PubMed). Hendler SS, Rorvik DM. When the results of the Womens Antioxidant Vitamin Estrogen (WAVE) trial were reanalyzed based on Hp genotype, antioxidant therapy (1,000 mg/day of vitamin C + 800 IU/day of vitamin E) was associated with improvement of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic women with Hp1-1 genotype but worsening of coronary atherosclerosis in those carrying the Hp2-2 genotype (148). The effect of vitamin C, alone or with allopurinol, decreasing serum uric acid was modest and much less than that of allopurinol alone. With respect to vitamin C and cerebrovascular disease, a prospective cohort study that followed more than 2,000 residents of a rural Japanese community for 20 years found that the risk of stroke in those with the highest serum concentrations of vitamin C was 29% lower than in those with the lowest serum concentrations of vitamin C (57). Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y, et al. See also the section on Sepsis in the Symposium on Vitamin CPart of the LPIs 9th International Conference on Diet and Optimum Health. 2010;3(2):221-229. In 2004, a pooled analysis of nine prospective cohort studies found that supplemental vitamin C intake (400 mg/day for a mean of 10 years), but not dietary vitamin C intake, was inversely associated with CHD risk (46). Linus Pauling, Ph.D. (1901-1994), was the only person ever to win two unshared Nobel prizes. Redox Rep. 2016;21(2):75-83. 2008;105(32):11105-11109. Yet, most studies were small and of short duration and thus did not assess the consequence of long-term use of antioxidant vitamins on the risk of vascular complications in diabetic patients. 1995;59(6):1519-1523. Science. The dietary fructose: vitamin C intake ratio is associated with hyperuricemia in African-American adults. A similar finding was obtained in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in which combined supplementation with vitamin C (500 mg/day), vitamin E (800 IU/day), and -lipoic acid (900 mg/day) for 16 weeks reduced lipoprotein oxidation in CSF but elicited no clinical benefit in individuals with mild-to-moderate AD (n=78) (105). (PubMed), 208. You may hyperlink to this website but must include the following statement: "This link leads to a website provided by the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. 2010;119(3):753-765. (PubMed), 79 Park Y, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, et al. 2008;168(14):1493-1499. Smoking and respiratory conditions in pregnancy: associations with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Over years of buildup and accumulated damage to the coronary arteries, CHD may culminate in a myocardial infarction or heart attack. A 2011 meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials in healthy individuals with elevated serum uric acid revealed that vitamin C supplementation (a median dose of 500 mg/day for a median duration of 30 days) modestly reduced serum uric acid concentrations by 0.35 mg/dL compared to placebo(120). Liebman M, Chai WW, Harvey E, Boenisch L. Effect of supplemental ascorbate and orange juice on urinary oxalate. (PubMed), 89. Finally, mutations in genes coding for vitamin C-dependent TET demethylases, mutations that are common in cancer cells, may also contribute to resistance to vitamin C treatment (165). Oncogene. Controversy surrounding the efficacy of vitamin C in cancer treatment ensued, leading to the recognition that the route of vitamin C administration is critical (22, 159). Gillani SW, Sulaiman SAS, Abdul MIM, Baig MR. Freeman; 1970. Early symptoms of scurvy like fatigue may result from diminished levels of carnitine, which is needed to derive energy from fat, or from decreased synthesis of the catecholamine norepinephrine (see Function). Although observational studies suggested that supplemental vitamin C may be helpful to prevent incident and recurrent gout, this has not been demonstrated by intervention studies undertaken thus far. (PubMed), 50. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. Nutrition and gastric cancer risk: an update. 2011;34(1):108-114. (PubMed), 53. Bowman GL, Dodge H, Frei B, et al. Pauling LC. High Blood Pressure | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University (PubMed), 8 Prinz W, Bortz R, Bregin B, Hersch M. The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on some parameters of the human immunological defence system. Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. In the US, Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting 5.5 million individuals 65 years and over (97). Myocardial reperfusion injury: Reperfusion injury refers to tissue damage occurring at the time of blood flow restoration (reperfusion) following transient ischemia. (PubMed), 100. A three-year randomized controlled trial in 160 patients with documented coronary heart disease and low blood HDL concentrations found that a combination of simvastatin (Zocor) and niacin increased HDL concentration, inhibited the progression of coronary artery stenosis (narrowing), and decreased the frequency of cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke(202). 2018;148(3):419-426. A secondary analysis of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in nearly 10,000 pregnant women found no reduction in the risk of preeclampsia with supplemental vitamin C (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day), regardless of womens smoking status during pregnancy. (PubMed), 96. McEvoy CT, Milner KF, Scherman AJ, et al. Reiss GR, Werness PG, Zollman PE, Brubaker RF. World J Crit Care Med. A history of scurvy and vitamin C. In: Packer L, Fuchs J, eds. Dosage is a key factor: low doses are ineffective. For a more detailed review of scientific research on the bioavailability of different forms of vitamin C, see The Bioavailability of Different Forms of Vitamin C. A number of possible adverse health effects of very large doses of vitamin C have been identified, mainly based on in vitro experiments or isolated case reports, and include genetic mutations, birth defects, cancer, atherosclerosis, kidney stones, "rebound scurvy," increased oxidative stress, excess iron absorption, vitamin B12 deficiency, and erosion of dental enamel. Brubacher D, Moser U, Jordan P. Vitamin C concentrations in plasma as a function of intake: a meta-analysis. As mentioned previously, the body produces collagen from lysine and proline. Dehghan M, Akhtar-Danesh N, McMillan CR, Thabane L. Is plasma vitamin C an appropriate biomarker of vitamin C intake? Chen Q, Espey MG, Sun AY, et al. Pocobelli G, Peters U, Kristal AR, White E. Use of supplements of multivitamins, vitamin C, and vitamin E in relation to mortality. Tower sells high-dose powdered vitamin C, lysine and proline-rich Lp (a) binding inhibitor drink mixes for cardiovascular disease as recommended by Nobel Prize winning scientist Linus Pauling. Englard S, Seifter S. The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid. Thompson CA, Cerhan JR. Fruit and vegetable intake and survival from non-Hodgkin lymphoma: does an apple a day keep the doctor away? (PubMed), 141. Vitamin C deficiency in the brain impairs cognition, increases amyloid accumulation and deposition, and oxidative stress in APP/PSEN1 and normally aging mice. Additionally, several cross-sectional studies reported inverse associations between circulating vitamin C concentrations and markers of insulin resistance or glucose intolerance, such as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration (50, 85, 86). The general idea is that cholesterol is a natural mechanism of repair in the blood. San Francisco: W.H. (PubMed), 156. (PubMed), 150. 2010;21(11):1745-1757. 2014;100(3):915-923. Angioplasty involves temporarily inserting and inflating a tiny balloon into the clogged artery to help restore the blood flow to the heart. In most trials, participants received 2 g of vitamin C prior to undergoing CABG or valve replacement surgery and 1 to 2 g/day for five days post-surgery. However, no such associations were found in pooled analyses of prospective cohort studies(109). Physiological availability of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid and palmitoyl-L-ascorbic acid. In a small (n=23), open-label trial, combined supplementation with vitamin C (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day) to AD patients taking a cholinesterase inhibitor significantly increased antioxidant levels and decreased lipoprotein oxidation in CSF after one year, but had no effect on the clinical course of AD compared to controls (104). A benefit of regular vitamin C supplementation was also seen in the duration of colds, with a greater benefit in children than in adults: The pooled effect of vitamin C supplementation was a 14% reduction in cold duration in children and an 8% reduction in adults. (PubMed), 103. No association between fruit, vegetables, antioxidant nutrients and risk of renal cell carcinoma. 2015;45(11):1161-1174. (PubMed). 2010;91(2):487-493. In contrast, trials are intervention studies that can establish a causal relationship between an exposure and an outcome, e.g., by evaluating the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the incidence of chronic disease in participants randomly assigned to receive either vitamin C or placebo for a given length of time. Because maximizing blood concentrations of vitamin C may be important in protecting against oxidative damage to cells and biological molecules, a vitamin C intake of at least 400 mg daily might benefit older adults who are at higher risk for chronic diseases caused, in part, by oxidative damage, such as heart disease, stroke, certain cancers, and cataract. Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M. Differentiated cells and the maintenance of tissues. Among the five out of eight trials in asthmatic subjects that reported on FEV1 outcomes, none found a difference between vitamin C supplementation and placebo(180). Accessed 6/22/18. In contrast, a much larger trial in more than 20,000 men and women with coronary heart disease or diabetes mellitus found that simvastatin and an antioxidant combination (600 mg vitamin E, 250 mg vitamin C, and 20 mg -carotene daily) did not diminish the cardioprotective effects of simvastatin therapy over a five-year period (203). (PubMed), 168. (PubMed), 197. Cancer Causes Control. McEvoy CT, Schilling D, Clay N, et al. Making sense of early high-dose intravenous vitamin C in ischemia/reperfusion injury. In: Packer L, Fuchs J, eds. Periprocedural myocardial injury: Coronary angioplasty (also called percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) is a nonsurgical procedure for treating obstructive coronary heart disease (CHD), including unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, and multivessel CHD. Pauling recommended 3 g each of vitamin C and lysine daily as a preventive measure. Myocardial reperfusion injury leads to complications, such as reperfusion arrhythmias (see Atrial fibrillation) and myocardial stunning. Diabet Med. Krajewska B, Brindell M. Urease activity and L-ascorbic acid. (PubMed), 131. 2013;97(4):800-807. Intake of antioxidant nutrients and risk of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in the Women's Health Initiative. However, none of these alleged adverse health effects have been confirmed in subsequent studies, and there is no reliable scientific evidence that doses of vitamin C up to 10 g/day in adults are toxic or detrimental to health. Spoelstra-de Man AME, Elbers PWG, Oudemans-van Straaten HM. Finally, no significant effect of vitamin C supplementation (1-8 g/day) was observed in therapeutic trials in which vitamin C was administered after cold symptoms occurred. The Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on the health aspects of dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages for the general public. J Biol Chem. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is a transient narrowing of the airways that occurs after exercise and is indicated by a 10% decline in Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1). PaulingTherapy.com - Reversing Heart Disease w/o Drugs 2012;56. J Res Pharm Pract. Stephenson CM, Levin RD, Spector T, Lis CG. While these NIH studies are the best we currently have regarding the pharmacokinetics of vitamin C in the human body, they have numerous limitations, including the fact that they are based on a small number of young, healthy men and women. (PubMed), 25. Victoria J. Drake, Ph.D. Atherosclerosis. 2011;40(6):483-500. Limitations inherent to dietary assessment methodology, such as recall bias, measurement error, and residual confounding, may account for some of the inconsistent associations between vitamin C intake and CHD risk. (PubMed), 152. 2012;37(1):4-16. I don't think it will interfere with the citrulline/arginine doses, as long as they are taken separately on an empty stomach (When we start mixing too many amino acids at the same time, we may . Similarly, the EPIC-Norfolk study, a 10-year prospective cohort study in 20,649 adults, found that individuals with plasma vitamin C concentrations in the top quartile (25%) had a 42% lower risk of stroke compared to those in the lowest quartile (66 mol/L vs. <41 mol/L) (58). Liability for individual actions or omissions based upon the contents of this site is expressly disclaimed. (PubMed), 69. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Higher doses (>500 mg) result in fractionally less vitamin C being absorbed as the dose increases. Massey LK, Liebman M, Kynast-Gales SA. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and atrial fibrillation. (PubMed), 140. (PubMed), 68 Nagel G, Linseisen J, van Gils CH, et al. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009;16(1):93-98. Nutr J. Current evidence of the efficacy of intravenous vitamin C in cancer patients is limited to observational studies, uncontrolled interventions, and case reports(174, 175). Roswall N, Olsen A, Christensen J, et al. The information is made available with the understanding that the author and publisher are not providing medical, psychological, or nutritional counseling services on this site. (PubMed), 124. 2008;87(1):64-69. Impaired blood-brain barrier integrity may affect the brains ability to retain vitamin C and thus to maintain a high CSF-to-plasma vitamin C ratio. Am J Clin Nutr. At this time, avoidance of vitamin C deficiency or insufficiency, rather than supplementation in replete individuals, seems prudent for the promotion of healthy brain aging (101). Effect of oral vitamin C supplementation on serum uric acid: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. If you wish to check foods for their vitamin C content, search USDA's FoodData Central. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. The protocol also limited microvascular dysfunction (i.e., improved microcirculatory perfusion) and improved left ventricular ejection fraction at discharge (on day 84) (138, 139). Similarly, higher serum vitamin C concentrations were associated with decreased risks of cancer-specific and all-cause mortality in 16,008 adults from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1994-1998) (129). Production of both collagen and elastin requires vitamin C, lysine and proline. (PubMed), 88. Int J Clin Pract. Harrison J, Rentz DM, McLaughlin T, et al. 2001;345(22):1583-1592. Andres M, Sivera F, Falzon L, Buchbinder R, Carmona L. Dietary supplements for chronic gout. The concern of kidney stone formation with vitamin C supplementation is discussed below. 2011;162(2):246-253. In response to increasing oral doses of vitamin C, plasma vitamin C concentration rises steeply at intakes between 30 and 100 mg/day. Abam E, Okediran BS, Odukoya OO, Adamson I, Ademuyiwa O. 2018;9:1182. The work of Linus Pauling stimulated public interest in the use of doses greater than 1 g/day of vitamin C to prevent the common cold (177). Studies in the 1970s and 1980s conducted by Linus Pauling, Ewan Cameron, and colleagues suggested that large doses of vitamin C (10 g/day infused intravenously for 10 days followed by at least 10 g/day orally indefinitely) were helpful in increasing the survival time and improving the quality of life of terminal cancer patients (158). A vitamin C deficiency equals a collagen deficiency. 2005;17(3):341-345. 2015;10(12):e0144920. 2014;50(7):1223-1231. 2011;30(6):477-483. 2009;29(3):809-815. Trials. Linus Pauling and Matthias Rath first presented their lipoprotein-a theory of arterial disease in 1990. The majority of large, population-based studies examining the relationship of vitamin C intake or supplementation with AD incidence have reported null results (100). Phase I evaluation of intravenous ascorbic acid in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Association of vitamin C with the risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis. Moran JP, Cohen L, Greene JM, et al. Intravenous vitamin C and cancer: a systematic review. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. Banerjee S, Hawksby C, Miller S, Dahill S, Beattie AD, McColl KE. Arch Intern Med. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.; 1994:1139-1193. Marginal ascorbate status (hypovitaminosis C) results in an attenuated response to vitamin C supplementation. 2010;12(2):209-217. Information regarding vitamin C and the prevention of chronic disease is based on both observational prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials(29, 37). Nutr J. 2013;2(6):e000329. 1999;91(6):547-556. Tsivgoulis G, Safouris A, Kim DE, Alexandrov AV. 2009;20(4):863-871. 2003;410(1):112-120. The effectiveness of antioxidant vitamins C and E in reducing myocardial infarct size in patients subjected to percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PREVEC Trial): study protocol for a pilot randomized double-blind controlled trial. 25. Also after Pauling passed, Life Extension reported on Japanese research showing that vitamin K has hormone-like properties, which help move calcium from soft tissue into bones. Anderson R, Oosthuizen R, Maritz R, Theron A, Van Rensburg AJ. Vitamin C in plasma is inversely related to blood pressure and change in blood pressure during the previous year in young Black and White women. A meta-analysis of observational studies found that a reduced risk of age-related cataract with higher dietary vitamin C intakes in case-control studies and with higher circulating vitamin C concentrations in cross-sectional studies. Tessier F, Moreaux V, Birlouez-Aragon I, Junes P, Mondon H. Decrease in vitamin C concentration in human lenses during cataract progression. Disparate results are likely due to study design issues, often linked to a lack of understanding of vitamin C pharmacokinetics and requirements (19, 20). In this context, it is important to note that data from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have indicated that vitamin C levels in plasma and circulating cells become fully saturated at intakes of about 400 mg/day in young, healthy nonsmokers. If you suffer from an acute deficiency of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and other nutrients, your body stops producing collagen. Bjog. http://practicingmedicinewithoutalicense.com/protocol/excerpt_chp7.pdf He received a patent on his work. The role of increased oxidative stress in the occurrence of vascular complications in subjects with diabetes has led to hypothesis that higher intakes of antioxidant nutrients could help lower the risk of CVD in diabetic subjects (144). Gerontology. (PubMed), 192. Harding AH, Wareham NJ, Bingham SA, et al. In both the Japanese (57)and EPIC-Norfolk (58)populations, blood vitamin C concentrations were highly correlated with fruit and vegetable intake. A third placebo-controlled trial in mildly cognitively impaired older adults (ages, 60-75 years) found that one-year supplementation with vitamin C (400 mg/day) and vitamin E (300 mg/day) improved antioxidant blood capacity but had no effect on MMSE scores (106). More recent prospective cohort studies have reported no association between dietary and/or supplemental vitamin C intake and breast cancer (67-69). And the NCI couldn't afford to be seen as "kooky" or "fringy." Better to be just plain wrong. (PubMed), 66. (PubMed), 28. Although two intervention studies failed to show a reduction in stomach cancer incidence with vitamin C supplementation(35), some research suggests that vitamin C supplementation may be a useful addition to standard H. pylori eradication therapy in reducing the risk of gastric cancer (76). Linus Pauling's Vit C-Lysine-Proline protocol - Ward Dean, MD Sauberlich HE. Oregon State University, Updated in November 2002 by: They should instead seek or continue treatment with anti-hypertensive medication and make dietary and lifestyle changes in consultation with their health care provider. In: Harris JR, ed. Semin Arthritis Rheum. Front Oncol. A 2013 meta-analysis of 17 prospective cohort studies reported a 19% lower risk of stroke with the highest versus lowest dietary vitamin C intakes and a 38% lower risk with the highest versus lowest circulating vitamin C concentrations (59). (PubMed). Reports since 1991 indicate that the Pauling Therapy works as a cure by itself, but in theory, Pauling's protocol makes an ideal oral adjunct to EDTA Chelation therapy and other more conventional therapies for all forms of cardiovascular disease, except intra . Vitamin C also participates in redox recycling of other important antioxidants; for example, vitamin C is known to regenerate vitamin E from its oxidized form (see the article on Vitamin E). 2013;32(12):1508-1517. Fruit, vegetable and vitamin C intakes and plasma vitamin C: cross-sectional associations with insulin resistance and glycaemia in 9-10 year-old children. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. Pauling Therapy Store - Inteligent*Vitamin*C 1982;47(3):473-482. (PubMed), 151. [Your name] is not affiliated or endorsed by the Linus Pauling Institute or Oregon State University. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press; 2006:105-111. Supplemental Forms | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University The national study identified smokers and those of lower socioeconomic status to both be at higher risk for vitamin C deficiency (36). Association between plasma vitamin C concentrations and blood pressure in the European prospective investigation into cancer-Norfolk population-based study. Four phase I clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer found that intravenous administration of vitamin C at doses up to 1.5 g/kg of body weight (equivalent to about 100 g/day for an average weight [70 kg] person) and 70 to 80 g/m2 was well tolerated and safe in pre-screened patients (167-170). Linus Pauling's Recommendations for Vitamin C and Lysine - The Ezekiel Diet Files Linus Pauling's Recommendations for Vitamin C and Lysine by EzekielDiet.com Posted on Sep 22, 2021 Pauling's Vitamin C and Lysine dosage recommendations from his Unified Theory Lecture on Heart Disease. A recent randomized controlled trial assessed the effect of vitamin C and vitamin E administration on reperfusion damage in patients who experienced acute myocardial infarction and underwent coronary angioplasty (see below) (132). Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. (PubMed), 163. However, cases have occurred in children and the elderly on very restricted diets (33, 34). These observations need to be confirmed in larger, well-designed trials. This is typically observed at doses between 200 to 400 mg/day in healthy young adults, with some degree of individual variation (23, 24). Cell Death Dis. The role of vitamin C as a cofactor is also related to its redox potential. It is widely thought by the general public that vitamin C boosts immune function, yet human studies published to date are conflicting. Am J Epidemiol. A nested case-control study in the EPIC study found a 45% lower risk of gastric cancer incidence in individuals in the highest (51 mol/L) versus lowest (<29 mol/L) quartile of plasma vitamin C concentration; no association was observed between dietary vitamin C intake and gastric cancer (73).
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