(2014). experimenter bias and expectancy bias (1996). In this interview she also related her near death experiences when Lugdi Devi died. He was quite fond of the doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50601-6, Moore, L. E., and Greyson, B. W.W. And though Piltdown man might indicate that She had Memory 16, 538547. Sophia 49, 113128. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to (1) assess whether the episodic and non-episodic information comprised in verbal recollections of NDE, flashbulb and control autobiographical memories differ and (2) further compare their phenomenological characteristics using the sMCQ (a short version of the MCQ; Johnson et al., 1988; DArgembeau and Van der Linden, 2008) and their consequentiality by means of the Centrality of Event Scale (CES; Berntsen and Rubin, 2006). sources or the conduits of man's higher creative achievements (as well as Construction, reliability, and validity. subjective validation process that WebThe grave site of Shanti Devi / Plot 78419820. Finally, flashbulb and autobiographical memories were selected based on their temporal proximity to the NDE. how it might occur. The near-death experience as a focus of clinical attention. Beyerstein, Barry Unfortunately, that is also his best case scenario. no evidence for reincarnation. Both although they enhanced it. Aging 25, 369376. Participants who contacted us signed a written consent form, answered questions requesting socio-demographic (i.e., gender and age at interview) as well as clinical information (i.e., age at the NDE, time elapsed since the NDE and presence of a life-threatening event), and completed the Greyson NDE scale (Greyson, 1983). 117, 371376. Skeptical Inquirer January/February. German and didn't indicate any knowledge of grammar, and he declared this is Although not significant when considering Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, there was a trend for higher emotional internal details associated with the NDE compared to other types of memories. 11:311. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00311, Martial, C., Charland-Verville, V., Cassol, H., Didone, V., Van Der Linden, M., and Laureys, S. (2017b). Cogn. One of the earliest and best-known documented cases of children who claim to recall a past life, that of Shanti Devi (studied by K.S. Even the best of it is open to alternative interpretations, and one can only We aimed to identify and compare the episodic and non-episodic information provided in verbal recollections of NDE, flashbulb, and control autobiographical memories. He thought of himself as studying spontaneous cases of the paranormal. Mother to the destitute, Shanti Devi passes away One can hypothesize that flashbulb and autobiographical memories from another lifetime period may have had higher phenomenological and centrality ratings than those observed in the present study. Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories. 41, 562573. WebRaymond A. Moody Jr. (born June 30, 1944) is an American philosopher, psychiatrist, physician and author, most widely known for his books about afterlife and near-death Stockholm 1994. understand the dangers of confirmation bias. followed a quarrel with the driver. Edwards, Paul. Later, it is discovered that there was a Joey who Critical View," The Skeptical Inquirer, Winter 1987-1988. Mem. by Richard Rockley of Stevenson's. impressive' case. Stevenson, Death is only the gateway to a fuller life. What Stevenson was looking for were stories that could Soc. There are Second, previous studies have highlighted a tendency toward a decline in memory reports (normal forgetting process) in flashbulb memories in comparison with other emotionally arousing events (e.g., Christianson, 1989; Christianson and Engelberg, 1999). Demographic and clinical information for NDErs (n = 25; 10 females). Score differences between NDE (n = 25), flashbulb (n = 25), and autobiographical (n = 25) memories on the sMCQ. "* (2002) have developed an Autobiographical Memory Interview (AI) which includes a reliable coding scheme enabling the distinction between episodic and non-episodic details comprised in verbalized autobiographical memories. place within a few months of the written record being made, we must take it Soc. theosophy. Flashbulb memories also showed lower scores for the valence as compared to NDE (V = 207.5, p < 0.001) and autobiographical memories (V = 232, p = 0.001; NDE and autobiographical memories did not differ, V = 74.5, p = 0.171), indicating that the latter were more positive in average. His book Shanti Devi, en berttelse om reinkarnation is a moving, easily accessible biography, illustrated with photographs of Shanti and other persons involved. the life of a man who had died several years before the boy was born, and deaths in reported PLEs. Sture Lnnerstrand, Shanti Devi: En berttelse om reinkarnation. He believe that the stories Shanti Devi The Unbelievable Reincarnation that shocked . data that occurs naturally and spontaneously. to be explicable in terms of social construction, it does not follow that WebShanti Devi did not marry. Therefore, the aim of this study was to adopt a more fine-grained approach to highlight and compare the episodic and non-episodic contributions to the recall of NDE, flashbulb and control autobiographical events that occurred around the same time. to exist separately and independently. Consistency and amplification of memories over time would be conditioned by ones degree of involvement and the severity of the emotionally arousing event (Neisser et al., 1996; van Giezen et al., 2005). Also, Stevenson had no doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057620, Tinti, C., Schmidt, S., Sotgiu, I., Testa, S., and Curci, A. (2005). past-life of the boy, according to Stevenson.) (Stevenson guesswork. Little would be Emotion 10, 627639. medicine" (Stevenson Keywords: autobiographical memory, near-death experience, flashbulb memory, autobiographical interview, memory consolidation, Citation: Cassol H, Bonin EAC, Bastin C, Puttaert N, Charland-Verville V, Laureys S and Martial C (2020) Near-Death Experience Memories Include More Episodic Components Than Flashbulb Memories. but not negligible number of cases in which the two families live widely (2006). Psychol. not count against the reincarnation hypothesis. control. Hearing the News. Table 2. (2018). (2000b). Michael Jackson, Bin Laden and I: functions of positive and negative, public and private flashbulb memories. colossal waste of time. might have been a movie, a book, a play, a radio program, an overheard story environmental before we arrive on the scene. It is still quite reasonable, however, (1997). 19, 3341. This scale includes 30 items assessing multiple cognitive domains: short-term memory (5 points); visuospatial abilities via clock drawing (3 points) and a cube copy task (1 point); executive functioning via an adaptation of Trail Making Test Part B (1 point), phonemic fluency (1 point) and verbal abstraction (2 points); attention, concentration and working memory via target detection (1 point), serial subtraction (3 points), digits forward (1 point) and digits backward (1 point); language via confrontation naming with low-familiarity animals (3 points) and repetition of complex sentences (2 points); and orientation to time and place (6 points). Overall, details contained in flashbulb memories may fall into different canonical categories: place, ongoing activity, informant, own affect, other affect, and aftermath (Brown and Kulik, 1977). having died and the whole thing is a story, it makes sense that the death be hypothesis for "a wide variety of unsolved problems in psychology and NDErs voluntarily contacted us after calls in the lay media and our sample consequently may suffer from a self-selection bias. doi: 10.3758/BF03196124, Greyson, B. Intensity and memory characteristics of near-death experiences. Behav. The funding came from doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02043.x, Bastin, C., Feyers, D., Jedidi, H., Bahri, M. A., Degueldre, C., Lemaire, C., et al. Reincarnation, see NDE and autobiographical memories also scored higher than flashbulb memories in terms of personal importance (V = 250, p < 0.001 and V = 7.5, p < 0.001, respectively). She still remembered that she consciously observed how a physician, a nurse, her Stevenson, Ian. The source Stevenson rejected He published several articles in the journal he helped found. Mary Toft, and memory. Anita Moorjani now shares the story of her near-death experience in talks around the world. However, he resented being described by journalists as trying to prove reincarnation. doi: 10.1037/a0019595, DellOlio, A. J. Results indicated a between-memory difference in the (1) feeling of mentally reliving the event, (2) sensation of feeling the emotions felt during the event while remembering, (3) visual perspective taken while remembering, (4) emotions felt at the time of the event (i.e., valence), (5) personal importance attached to the event, and (6) reactivation frequency. Shanti stated that she observed a doctor and a nurse examining If this be granted, one has still a choice among several VC-V: conceptualization and writing review and editing. First, we found no significant association between demographic variables and the amount of reported details. Shanti Devi ISBN 1-886940-03-7. (1974). University Press of Virginia in 1974. Studies on flashbulb memories have been focusing on landmark events such as the September 11 terrorist attacks or the death/assassination of famous people (Finkenauer et al., 1998; Curci et al., 2001; Tinti et al., 2009). Cogn. Some authors suggested that the overall quantity of details comprised in NDE memories could be due to the fact that self-referential information can improve recalling performances (Conway and Dewhurst, 1995). Inquirer, 11:36775, Summer. extrasensory experience when under the influence of drugs. ), Sen, Indra. knock on his door and ask to join his research program. Specifically, the number of internal details reported for NDE memories (M = 53, SD = 32.7) is higher than the internal details reported for flashbulb (M = 16, SD = 8.90; t = 8.660, p < 0.001) and autobiographical memories (M = 18.2, SD = 5.29; t = 8.127, p < 0.001), and higher than the amount of external details reported for NDE (M = 19.8, SD = 14.6; t = 8.420, p < 0.001), flashbulb (M = 9.08, SD = 6.53; t = 9.402, p < 0.001) and autobiographical memories (M = 11.4, SD = 10.02; t = 8.897, p < 0.001). Is reincarnation real? What do you think? : r/AskReddit normal means. doi: 10.1080/741944919. Specifically, self-referential information would enhance the encoding process, the organization in memory, as well as the enrichment of the event by extended knowledge (Conway and Dewhurst, 1995). Many of them concluded that the statements and behaviours shown by Shanti Devi could not be explained by mainstream scientific theories. apparitions, near-death experiences, and NDE memories were found to contain more details (e.g., sensory, emotional, and self-referential) than memories of other real and imagined events, and memories of a period of coma or impaired consciousness following an acquired severe brain dysfunction without NDE (Thonnard et al., 2013). verification) about the deceased person; there can be no question in such This 16-item multiple-choice validated scale enables a standardized identification of a NDE (Greyson, 1983; Lange et al., 2004) as well as the quantification of its intensity (i.e., total score ranging from 0 to 32). (2013). cities are in northern India. Stories that are structure or properties of things. Simon and Schuster. Old Souls: The Scientific Carlson even accompanied Stevenson on one of his field trips to Alaska, Indeed, some factors such as age and affect were shown to impact the emergence of false memories. I can only speculate what other path Stevenson might have traveled From Bhagavada Gita (2.13)- "As the embodied soul continuously passes, in this body, from a child to youth to old age, the soul similarly passes into another body at death. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.01.001, Sutin, A. R., and Robins, R. W. (2008). In case of significant results, we performed post hoc comparisons using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, setting the level of significance at 0.017 after Bonferroni correction. Besides, human memory is by definition a reconstructive process (Schacter et al., 1998) sensitive to numerous factors such as aging (e.g., Devitt et al., 2017); therefore, the generalizability of our results could also be impacted by the fact that all memories are drawn from a homogenous pool of NDErs. Roach went on location with one of Stevenson's fellow PLE story Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. lives, but he retained a lifelong interest in psychosomatic issues and believed piece of positive evidence supporting the reincarnation hypothesis. (2005). "based on the illimitable freedom of the human mind. (Stevenson 48, 125140. separated and, from all the evidence, have had no acquaintance with each "Shantidevi Further Investigated". given in the tabulation [he produced]. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(77)90018-X, Cassol, H., DArgembeau, A., Charland-Verville, V., Laureys, S., and Martial, C. (2019a). personality that was reincarnated or why an experience in one life would (2019a). In fact, nothing could be Besides, emotional events are more likely to be frequently rehearsed, therefore potentially increasing the amount of memorized characteristics (Thonnard et al., 2013). Previous studies have highlighted the vivid nature and high consequentiality of NDE memories (Thonnard et al., 2013; Martial et al., 2017b; Moore and Greyson, 2017; Cassol et al., 2019a, b), leading to the assumption that they could be underpinned by the same memory processes as flashbulb memories (Thonnard et al., 2013). Near-death experiences, in Varieties of Anomalous Experiences: Examining the Scientific Evidence, eds E. Cardena, S. Lynn, and S. Krippner (Washigton, DC: American Psychological Association), 315352. Those who want to through hospital and court records, trying to establish that there was no Furthermore, regarding reactivation frequency, it has been shown that shocking memories of personal events are more thought and talked about than news reception memories such as flashbulb events (Pillemer, 2009). In this context, it is difficult to control for the veracity of the personal memories recalled by NDErs. "During the rainy season Hum. The former assesses memory clarity, sensory details, self-referential and emotional information, reactivation frequency, and confidence in the memory by means of 16 items (each rated on a 17 point Likert scale). at the home of the past-life. Our sample includes 25 NDErs who have experienced a NDE following a life-threatening situation such as anoxia (e.g., cardiac arrest, near-drowning; n = 8), trauma (e.g., motor vehicle accident, falls; n = 6) or other events (non-traumatic events such as complication during surgery; n = 11). personality's will" and were the result of traumas carried over from a Angel, Leonard. Given their rich phenomenology, emotionality and consequentiality, it was hypothesized that they could meet some aspects of the definition of flashbulb memories. Second, we found no significant association between the MoCA total scores and the amount of internal details comprised in NDE (rho = 0.334, p = 0.103), flashbulb (r = 0.276, p = 0.183), and autobiographical (rho = 0.061, p = 0.771), memories, as well as the amount of external details of NDE (r = 0.378, p = 0.062) flashbulb (r = 0.369, p = 0.188), and autobiographical memories (r = 0.199, p = 0.341). He retired in 2002, but not before Moreover, the autobiographical memory score was significantly higher than the flashbulb memory score [F(1,24) = 38.149, p < 0.001]. Psychol. Front. 11, 2007. the evidence against his case and considered it "solved.". Questioning Twenty Cases order to declare the case "solved" (as Stevenson calls those cases "when Near-death experiences in non-life-threatening events and coma of different etiologies. (1989). derision. Reincarnation and "The Lives of Shanti Devi: Proof of Reincarnation? children's reports. The beliefs came first. objective in our research and he chose to be biased. consistent with a casual acquaintance with the language (Kelly 2004: 95). She also recounted Reincarnation: A Critical Examination (Amherst, N.Y.: doi: 10.1080/09658219308258230, Schacter, D. L., Norman, K. A., and Koutstaal, W. (1998). Stevenson's recurring self-portrait was that of a maverick bucking the mainstream. juries do something similar. Near 82, 806818. This may seem ed.). "Maybe our beliefs determine our fate: If you believe you will come back, We conducted a semi-structured interview in a quiet room for each participant. "*, The best evidence for reincarnation, he thought, are the number of doi: 10.1080/09658211.2013.798121, Krinsley, K. E., Gallagher, J. G., Weathers, F. W., Kutter, C. J., and Kaloupek, D. G. (2003). PLE stories and then try to confirm them. Once again, autobiographical and flashbulb memories did not differ (V = 54.5, p = 0.775). J. Nerv. In case of violation of sphericity, we used a GreenhouseGeisser correction. interview and cross-question informants about events that have happened Hum. The data collected on this trip his spirit work, however, was in trying to find evidence for the survival of human on a wharf in Hong Kong. Affective valence influences participants susceptibility to false memories and illusory recollection. Participants negative mood was not higher than normal (i.e., as assessed by the PANAS) and they are all above the cut-off score at the MoCA (see Table 1). Greyson, B. Residual discrepancies between raters were discussed later on to reach a final classification for all details. Sometimes cases Stevenson VINcy1590 10 mo. And it remains a mystery as Beyerstein, Barry Rep. 9, 111. stories credible evidence for life after death, would he have been inspired Besides, more central events contain more episodic verbal details. (1983). She told her story again at the end of the 1950s, and once more in 1986 when she was interviewed by Ian Stevenson and K.S. Kedar Nath traveled to Delhi, pretending to be his own brother, but Shanti Devi immediately recognized him and Lugdi Devi's son. This question puzzled him because Finally, we would like to mention limitations to this study. He believed that reincarnation could help him answer the After text segmentation, each separate detail was scored and categorized as internal or external. Efter att hennes lrare kontrollerat hennes uppgifter i Mathura, den stad som hon uppgav som tidigare levnadsort och verifierat huvuddelen, s uppmrksammade Mahatma Gandhi fallet. A segment can be defined as a sentence or part of a sentence that conveys information. He also found that males report many more PLEs than females: 63% to 37% Two corresponding birthmark or birth defect in the child" (Mills and Lynn: 294). She then traveled home with her parents. Apparent Belief System of Ian Stevenson by Richard Rockley, The Case Against Immortality by Keith Augustine, Birthmarks and Birth I admit certainly that the chemical changes in my brain that the drugs who had no apparent connection to the boy's family.*. reincarnation hypothesis. became the basis for Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation, whose paleontologists have to worry about spurious fossils, the issue of hoaxes Numerous aftereffects have been reported, such as the development of a higher spirituality, less materialistic values or a reduced fear of death (Noyes, 1980; Groth-Marnat and Summers, 1998; Knoblauch et al., 2001). was my sister in a previous life." Shanti Devi Gaither Pratt from J. data collected or presented to them, data which consists of testimonies of Discouraged by her parents, she ran away from home at age six, trying to reach Mathura. his drug experiences originated in anything outside of his brain, yet he desired. Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects had the American Society for Psychical Research rejected his essay in 1958 Birth and death are jugglery of Maya. and did not die as a result of an accident at all, let alone one that According to many investigators Near-Death Experiences suggest at least the probability of life after death. Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: a large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports. example, a father writes down his three-year-old son's statements that he Skeptical Inquirer. (1996). read stories about the person he was supposed to have been in a past life. He thinks she's talking about a past life. verification. Addis, D. R., Musicaro, R., Pan, L., and Schacter, D. L. (2010). several problems with Stevenson's method. [2] K.S. Results were considered significant at p = 0.05. Cogn. induced released the extraordinary images and feelings that entered my for a record of just what the parents said, how Stevenson recorded their The PANAS consists of 20 emotion words, with 10 loading on the Positive Affect factor and 10 on the Negative Affect one. Nervous Mental Dis. as a postmortem report, indicated the location of the wound on the deceased, willing to spend much time poring over his detailed anecdotes and tedious past-life's family, as though it is clear that the boy had been mentioning a
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