Examples of permissible music included metrical psalms and liturgical texts such as the Te Deum. The Elizabethan Clergy and the Settlement of Religion, 1558-1564. What were the beliefs in the Elizabethan era? - KnowledgeBurrow . He refused, so the Queen left the chapel before the consecration. Elizabethan Settlement - The National Archives Again, the question remained a moving target, and many-faced persecution as the definition of acceptable religion continued to shift. Haigh argues that the Act of Uniformity "produced an ambiguous Book of Common Prayer: a liturgical compromise which allowed priests to perform the Church of England communion with Catholic regalia, standing in the Catholic position, and using words capable of Catholic interpretation". [29], The bill easily passed the House of Commons. Enjoy the bank holiday weekend celebrating King Charles III's coronation, Why do artists draw, and what can their sketches teach us about their skills and techniques? Sign up to highlight and take notes. What was a Protestant element of the new Church of England? The most important outcome of the Conference, however, was the decision to produce a new translation of the Bible, the 1611 King James Version. During Henry's reign, the Church of England went semi-Lutheran in 1537, asserting that justification by faith alone was central to doctrine and that the church should eliminate saint worship. The Elizabethan Settlement was religious legislation passed from 1559 to 1571 that intended to provide a compromise between English Catholics and Protestants. The Thirty-nine Articles were not intended as a complete statement of the Christian faith but of the position of the Church of England in relation to the Catholic Church and dissident Protestants. Those who refused to conform to the new Church of England were persecuted. This would help secure her throne in political terms, too. Neither France nor Spain reacted to the changes, perhaps believing that they were as temporary as they hoped Elizabeth's reign would be. In his private chapel, he added ceremonies and formulas not authorised in the prayer book, such as burning incense. Elizabethan Religious Settlement - Wikipedia However, this stance hardened over time. Essentially, they covered all the matters not yet set out in previous legislation and aimed to definitively establish what was meant by the English version of Protestantism, otherwise known as Anglicism. After Elizabeth's death, the Puritans were challenged by a high church, Arminian party that gained power during the reign of Charles I. The north of England remained conservative in religious matters and England's three closest neighbours (Scotland, France, and Spain) were all Catholic states. A revised supremacy bill had passed the House of Commons before the recess but had been . Elizabeth I knew that one of her first acts as queen needed to resolve the ongoing confusion about what the Church of England was. Later, she decided that roods should be restored in parish churches. Few thought this was the rubric's meaning, however. P-The Religious settlement was successful because there was much about it that was acceptable to most Catholics. [20] Nevertheless, Protestants were emboldened to practice illegal forms of worship, and a proclamation on 27 December prohibited all forms other than the Latin Mass and the English Litany. [15] At Westminster Abbeystill a Benedictine monasterythe Queen disapproved of what she considered Catholic superstition, telling the monks bearing candles in procession, "Away with those torches, for we see very well". Those who refused to attend Church of England services were called recusants. The Pope's authority was removed, but rather than granting the Queen the title of Supreme Head, it merely said she could adopt it herself. [75], Catholics were forced to choose between attending Protestant services to comply with the law or refusing to attend. This perception was seemingly confirmed when Elizabeth was excommunicated by Pope Pius V in February 1570. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Bishop Goldwell of St Asaph was never summoned to Parliament, and the elderly Bishop Tunstall of Durham was excused from attending on account of age. The Church that Elizabeth created is unique. Also, like Elizabeth, Parker was a Nicodemitesomeone who stayed in England during Mary's reign and outwardly conformed to Catholicism. [40] Across the nation, parishes paid to have roods, images and altar tabernacles removed, which they had only recently paid to restore under Queen Mary. One, "Of the Worthy Receiving of the Sacrament", added more detail to the church's doctrine of the Eucharist, which was described as "spiritual food" and "a ghostly substance and not carnal" made real by faith. [66], The settlement of 1559 had given Protestants control of the Church of England, but matters were different at the parish level, where Catholic priests and traditional laity held large majorities. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. The queen had compromised a little on the wording of the Supremacy Act, calling herself the 'Supreme Governor' of the Church instead of the 'Supreme Head', thus making her more acceptable to Protestants who disliked the idea of a woman in that position. [88], The controversy over dress divided the Protestant community, and it was in these years that the term Puritan came into use to describe those who wanted further reformation. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. As spokesman for the government, Bacon delivered its mission statement, to unite the people of this realm into a uniform order of religion'. It is also true that many preachers simply carried on as before hoping not to be noticed by the authorities - who in some cases were sympathetic at a local level. Elizabeth's Religious Settlement Essay - lagas The Act of Supremacy became law. Please support World History Encyclopedia. Take a closer look with the unique Van de Velde drawings collection, How habitable are Jupiter's icy moons? Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. After the Restoration in 1660, the Settlement was restored, and the Puritans were forced out of the Church of England. Elizabethan Religious Settlement - AQA - BBC Bitesize There were obstacles, notably the presence of many Catholic bishops who had been appointed by Mary and many catholic-minded nobles in the government. Queen Elizabeth I inherited a nation suffering from religious flux, but went on to build a stable, peaceful nation. [34][35] Opposition to the so-called "popish wardrobe" made it impossible to enforce the rubric. One of the most visible differences from traditional Catholic churches was the replacement of the altar with a communion table. They were not going to waste time on abstract theological debates, but rather get down to the business at hand of finding concrete solutions to the problems of the day. One of her first acts as queen sought to heal the religious division brought on by the past half-century by treading a middle ground between the two sides: a new united Church of England. Most Puritans, however, remained in the Church of England. Anglicans started to define their Church as a via media or middle way between the religious extremes of Catholicism and Protestantism; Arminianism and Calvinism; and high church and low church. [1] Under Elizabeth's half-brother, Edward VI, the Church of England became more explicitly Protestant, projecting a "restrained" Calvinism, in the words of historian Christopher Haigh. The reforms may have been mild but they were enough for the Pope to eventually excommunicate the queen for heresy in February 1570 CE. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement - World History Encyclopedia 'The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was successfully established in the years 1558-1603. . All members of the Church had to take the oath of supremacy under the Act of Supremacy if they were to keep their posts. The articles are based on the Forty-Two articles written by Thomas Cranmer in 1553 but could not be implemented because of Edward VI's death during the same year. This act ignited the English Reformation and established a unique form of Protestantism known as Anglicanism as the official religion. They would spend more money on buying Bibles and prayer books and replacing chalices with communion cups (a chalice was designed for the priest alone whereas a communion cup was larger and to be used by the whole congregation). In 1645, the prayer book was made illegal and replaced by the Directory for Public Worship. What were the main features of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement? Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. How far do you agree? A debate was scheduled during the Easter recess between a team of Catholics and a team of Protestants, with the Privy Council as judge and Bacon as Chairman. "[114] Historian Judith Maltby writes that Anglicanism as a recognisable tradition "owes more to the Restoration than the Reformation". Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. His rise to power has been identified with a "conservative reaction" against Puritanism. Elizabethan Church, the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, provides ample support to this authors contention that the Elizabethan Church Settlement was not really a via media, the middle road, but one that was distinctly Protestant. [23][21] It was not popular with the clergy, and the Convocation of Canterbury reacted by affirming papal supremacy, transubstantiation and the Mass as a sacrificial offering. What was the Elizabethan Religious Settlement? Only one Catholic bishop took the oath to Elizabeth - all the rest refused and lost their office. [28], The bill included permission to receive communion in two kinds. The Elizabethan religious settlement survived with the attrition of other religious beliefs and practices. Although in practical terms, extremist worshippers were largely permitted to pursue their beliefs without interference, some 400 priests did resign as a consequence of the Settlement. Queen Elizabeth I wanted to build a stable, peaceful nation with a strong government, free from the influence of foreign powers in matters of the church and the state. [108], During the reign of Charles I, the Arminians were ascendant and closely associated with William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (16331645). Create and find flashcards in record time. [17] Her Privy Council was filled with former Edwardian politicians, and only Protestants preached at Court. [102], In 1603, the King of Scotland inherited the English crown as James I. Elizabeth accepted the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England upon her ascension in 1558. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. [27], Another bill introduced to the same Parliament with the intent to return Protestant practices to legal dominance was the Uniformity bill, which sought to restore the 1552 prayer book as the official liturgy. License. Thank you! II Historians have examined the Reformation of the English Church in a number of The Elizabethan Religious Settlement proved to be far more successful than the reforms imposed by Mary . Failure to attend service resulted in a small fine (which was then given to the poor). Books [67], Gradually, England was transformed into a Protestant country as the prayer book shaped Elizabethan religious life. The articles removed Catholic sacraments: Confirmation, Penance, Holy Orders, Marriage, and Last Rites or Extreme Unction. [94] Rather, the Admonition's authors believed that presbyterianism was the only biblical form of church government, whereas Whitgift argued that no single form of church government was commanded in the Bible. In addition, the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth for heresy in 1570 CE. Afterwards, executions of Catholic priests became more common, and in 1585, it became treason for a Catholic priest to enter the country, as well as for anyone to aid or shelter him. [91], By 1572, the debate between Puritans and conformists had entered a new phasechurch government had replaced vestments as the major issue. James I tried to balance the Puritan forces within his church with followers of Andrewes, promoting many of them at the end of his reign. Some modifications were made to appeal to Catholics and Lutherans, including giving individuals greater latitude concerning belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and permission to use traditional priestly vestments. [92] While Parliament still met, Thomas Wilcox and John Field published An Admonition to the Parliament that condemned "Popish abuses yet remaining in the English Church" and episcopal polity. In addition to the English College at Douai, a seminary was established at Rome and two more established in Spain. The 1559 Religious Settlement was an honest attempt to bring as many as was possible into the fold - but it could never have satisfied the wishes of those who were at the religious extremes of society. The outbreak of Protestant radicalism during the English Civil War challenged ideas of inclusion and tolerance within the church. A.G. Dickens wrote of widespread popular support for Protestantism that made the Elizabethan settlement inevitable and immediately supported. Returning to Protestantism would align England with the Dutch, its main trading partner, but risked antagonising Spain, the most powerful nation in the world. As the older generation of recusant priests died out, Roman Catholicism collapsed among the lower classes in the north, west and in Wales. Reactions to the Religious Settlement in Wales and England The Act of Supremacy 1559 This required all clergymen and government officers to . The Holy Scriptures contain "all things necessary for salvation. The Act of Supremacy of 1558 re-established the Church of England's independence from Rome, and Parliament conferred on Elizabeth the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Want to search our collection? The queen's precise personal views on religion were difficult to determine. Henry named Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, as regent for the young King Edward VI. Elizabeth . [116] The clash between Calvinists and Arminians was never resolved, and the "seesaw battle between Catholic and Protestant within a single Anglican ecclesiastical structure has been proceeding ever since". From Hooker, Anglicanism "inherited its belief in the place of reason as an authority for action, its esteem for continuity over the Reformation divide, and a hospitality towards sacramental modes of thought". It remains a unique institution that treads between Catholicism and Protestantism known in other regions. However, only 4% of all lower clergy . The bishops were placed in the difficult position of enforcing conformity while supporting reform. Yes and no. The next step followed quick on the heels of the first and was the May 1559 CE Act of Uniformity. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. This petition for church reform was referred to the Hampton Court Conference of 1604, which agreed to produce a new version of the Book of Common Prayer that incorporated a few changes requested by the Puritans. [50] A year later, the Queen herself ordered the demolition of all lofts, but the rood beams were to remain on which the royal arms were to be displayed. The Book of Common Prayer gave English-speaking people prayers in their language. [64][pageneeded] In 1571, Convocation finalised the Thirty-nine Articles. There was opposition to the moderate features of the Settlement from both radical Catholics and radical Protestants. The settlement continued the English Reformation which had begun during the reign of her father, Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) whereby the Protestant Church of England split from the Catholic Church led . In 1568 a college was founded at Douai (Spanish Netherlands) which trained priests, whom would . A large number of the Parliament, who were still Catholic, opposed the bill, and it was eventually only passed by three votes: 21 to 18. The choice of state religion would have political consequences, whatever the decision. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a collection of laws and decisions concerning religious practices introduced between 1558-63 CE by Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE). Indulge in gifts inspired by its Elizabethan symbolism. [62] Although it was not legally required, it was traditional for virtually all Protestant churches and was also used at home. Calvinists were divided between conformists and Puritans, who wanted to abolish what they considered papist abuses and replace episcopacy with a presbyterian church government. The rebellion was defeated, but it contributed to a perception that Catholicism was treason. In October 1559, she ordered that a crucifix and candlesticks be placed on the communion table in the Chapel Royal. [110] Many Puritans, however, were unwilling to conform to it. World History Encyclopedia. The revised Act of Supremacy still abolished papal supremacy, but defined Elizabeth as Supreme Governor, rather than Supreme Head, of the church. Ultimately, all but two bishops (the undistinguished Anthony Kitchin of Llandaff and the absentee Thomas Stanley of Sodor and Man) lost their posts. During Edward's reign, the Church of England adopted a Reformed theology and liturgy. [2], During Edward's reign, the Church of England preached justification by faith alone as a central teaching,[3] in contrast to the Catholic teaching that the contrite person could cooperate with God towards their salvation by performing good works. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. [80], By 1574, Catholic recusants had organised an underground Roman Catholic Church, distinct from the Church of England. During this time, motets were replaced by anthems,[55] and William Byrd's Great Service was composed for the royal chapel and cathedrals. When Parliament reconvened in April, the two issues were presented separately and considerable concessions were made. However, as a result of the Northern Rebellion, excommunication by the Pope and challenge of MQS, E was forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics. [61] By far the most popular and reprinted metrical Psalter was Thomas Sternhold's Whole book of Psalms. Elizabethan Religious Settlement Religion became a very divisive factor in people's lives in England when Protestant ideas challenged the dominance of the Catholic Church of Rome. The first act passed by the House of Commons in February 1559 joined together a bill of supremacy, establishing Queen Elizabeth I as head of the church, with one of uniformity, dealing with the type of faith and service. John Whitgift of Cambridge University, a leading advocate for conformity, published a reply in October 1572, and he and Cartwright subsequently entered into a pamphlet war. [79] The discovery of the Ridolfi plota Catholic conspiracy to overthrow Elizabeth and place Mary, Queen of Scots on the thronefurther alarmed the English government. The is essay will argue that in the period 15581564 the religious settlement was broadly success useful as it was slowly adhered to with little opposition up until 1564. The Queen never forgave John Knox for writing The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women, which denounced female monarchs, and the Reformation in Geneva was tainted by association. [53] The bishops thought that Catholicism was widespread among the old clergy, but priests were rarely removed because of a clergy shortage that began with an influenza epidemic in 1558. Cite This Work Regardless of how quickly Elizabethan reform spread throughout England, the legislation of the Elizabethan Settlement did stabilize the face of the Church of England. [41] During this time, Calvinist clergy held the best bishoprics and deaneries. [39] This theory has been challenged by Christopher Haigh, who argues that Elizabeth wanted radical reform but was pushed in a conservative direction by the House of Lords. Implemented between 1559 and 1563, the settlement is considered the end of the English Reformation, permanently shaping the theology and liturgy of the Church of England and laying the foundations of Anglicanism's unique identity. When not in use, it was to be oriented north to south, the same as an altar. However, many Englishmen disagreed with its "middle ground" approach to religion to pacify Protestants and Catholics alike. Have all your study materials in one place. [85], There were objections over the prayer book, including certain formulas and responses, the sign of the cross in baptism, the surplice and use of a wedding ring in marriage. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Although most people were able to sing, worship was dominated by choral liturgies, especially in the cathedrals. We want people all over the world to learn about history. [12] She also kept many of her religious views private, which can make it difficult to determine what she believed. It was intended to resolve the dispute between Catholics and Protestants. These articles served as the foundation for the Church of England's doctrine. Includes paragraphs on the establishment of her religious settlement at the beginning of her reign; the severe opposition (Catholic, Puritan and Presbyterian) faced by her religious settlement throughout her reign which impeded its successful establishment. 1559: Parliament passes the Act of Uniformity and the Act of Supremacy. The Religious Settlement was an effort by Elizabeth I to unite the country. [96], In 1577, Whitgift was made Bishop of Worcester and six years later Archbishop of Canterbury. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. The Queen still believed there should be a division between the chancel and the rest of the church. While broad and ambiguous, this provision was meant to reassure Catholics that they would have some protection. Others refused to conform. Laud and his followers believed the Reformation had gone too far and launched a "'Beauty of Holiness' counter-revolution, wishing to restore what they saw as lost majesty in worship and lost dignity for the sacerdotal priesthood. Essay assessing the validity of the view: "The Elizabethan religious The Admonition Controversy was not a disagreement over soteriologyboth Cartwright and Whitgift believed in predestination and that human works played no role in salvation. [30], The Ornaments Rubric was added as one of the concessions to traditionalists in order to gain passage in the Lords. - Elizabeth proclaimed that she did not wish to made windows into men's souls. She tried to make everyone happy and to at least avoid infuriating any more people. Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. Which of the two mentioned historians do you agree with? In 1581, a new law made it treason to be absolved from schism and reconciled with Rome and the fine for recusancy was increased to 20 per month (50 times an artisan's wage). This division began during the reign of her father, Henry VIII. "The Elizabethan Religious Settlement." Discover the art of the Van de Veldes at the Queen's House, See the world's greatest space photography at the National Maritime Museum, Picnics and treats, free workshops and tours, plus a very special World Record attempt! [56] Parish churches tended to have less music as Puritan influences argued against using of funds to pay for choristers. When Elizabeth I became queen in 1558, England's religious situation was dire. [111] Puritans became dissenters. Bacon outlined the course to reach this goal by explaining that members were not to insult each other with terms like 'heretic', 'schismatic' or 'Papist'. Through the 1580s, Puritans were organised enough to conduct what were essentially covert national synods. Elizabethan Settlement. Before 1574, most laymen were not made to take the Oath of Supremacy and the 12d fine for missing a service was poorly enforced. [117] The preface to the 1662 prayer book defined the Church of England as a via media "between the two extremes of too much stiffness in refusing and of too much easiness in admitting any variation". The proposed settlement was roundly rejected and adulterated by the House of Lords, with its Catholic majority. [54], Music in the Church of England was limited to biblical texts and music sung during worship in the early church. Elizabeth's cautious reforms resulted in 'a Church that was Protestant in doctrine, Catholic in appearance'. When Edward VI died, his sister Mary I became queen. World History Encyclopedia, 02 Jun 2020. [31], The Act of Uniformity required church attendance on Sundays and holy days and imposed fines for each day absent. Many of these instructions concerned preachers who now had to have a license issued by a bishop and who were obliged to hold at least one service each month or lose that license. "The Elizabethan Religious Settlement." It was also a concession to the Queen's Protestant supporters who objected to "supreme head" on theological grounds and who had concerns about a female leading the Church. Every church had to have a Bible in English available to its congregation, no further altars were to be destroyed, and pilgrimages were banned. Elizabethan Religious Settlement | History | tutor2u The Elizabethan Settlement provided the foundation for the Church of England, much of which is still in place today. This iconic portrait isnow back on public display in the Queen's House after careful conservation. [107] Due to their belief in free will, this new faction is known as the Arminian party, but their high church orientation was more controversial. [11], Elizabeth's religious views were Protestant, though "peculiarly conservative". Elizabeth I Sieve PortraitQuentin Metsys the Younger (Public Domain). Under pressure from the Privy Council, Whitgift was forced to accept conditional subscriptions from defiant ministers. [30] It encountered more opposition in the Lords than the Supremacy Act, passing by only three votes. [74] In 1568, the English College at Douai was founded to provide a Catholic education to young Englishmen and, eventually, to train a new leadership for a restored Catholic Church in England. The Elizabethan Settlement was an attempt to end this religious turmoil. The bill was hotly debated but eventually passed by three votes. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them.
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