Crater Lake in Crater Lake National Park partially fills the large depression formed when a composite volcano erupted and collapsed in on itself 7,700 years ago. Step 2/2. Explain why the Nootka Fault is a transform fault, and show the relative sense of motion along the fault with two small arrows. The Pacific Plate is almost entirely oceanic, but it does include the part of California west of the San Andreas Fault. The original composite volcano was about 7,000 feet (2,000 meters) high, but lost about 2,500 feet (750 meters) of its height. Volcanic and metamorphic rocks exposed in Kenai Fjords National Park reveal the incredible forces that occur at an ocean/continent subduction zone. Question: Tectonic Plates Use this map to answer the following questions. Katmai National Park and Preserve lies where the worlds largest volcanic event of the 20th Century occurred. By 80 Ma, Africa had separated from South America, most of Europe had separated from North America, and India had separated from Antarctica. This plate is small. 40 Million Years Ago Compared to the other tectonic plates in the region, the Cocos Plate is converging with the Caribbean Plate at a steady rate of about 78 millimeters per year based on data from ISCO over 10 months. The line of active volcanoes, from Mt. Cocos plate - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mount Rainier is a 14,000 foot (4,300 meter) volcano in the Cascade Range developed above the place where the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate reaches sufficient depth to release hot fluids into the overriding North American Plate. A mid-oceanic ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary located along the floor of the Pacific Ocean. The largest earthquakes occur near the surface where the subducting plate is still cold and strong. Spreading rates vary considerably, from 2 cm/y to 6 cm/y in the Atlantic, to between 12 cm/y and 20 cm/y in the Pacific. In her version of the Oreo cookie demonstration, the creamy filling is the layers of sediment and basalt on the ocean floor. The volcanoes are forming above the region where the top of the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate reaches about 50 miles (80 kilometers) depth. Solved Unclick all the other layers you've been using, and - Chegg The Pacific Northwest is an exciting place to observe geologic processes in action. Credit: Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. And, as at Mt. Multiple complex plate boundaries contribute lots of earthquake and volcanic activity in the region. Caribbean Plate - Wikipedia Download the official NPS app before your next visit, Accretionary WedgeCoast Ranges [3 parks], Accretionary WedgeSouthern Alaska [1park]. It is subducting under (that is, being forced under) the South American plate. That the Atlantic Ocean rift may have occurred in approximately the same place during two separate events several hundred million years apart is probably no coincidence. Caribbean Plate | Geology Page Feature labels. Is the Cocos plate convergent or divergent? - Our Planet Today Over the next 50 million years, it is likely that there will be full development of the east African rift and creation of new ocean floor. Note that the dark blue line does not run further up the coast. A visit to Olympic National Park is an opportunity to witness features of an accretionary wedge as they develop. On Dec. 15, 1989 a jet with 244 passengers and crew was en route from Amsterdam to Anchorage. The Cascades form above the line where the subducting plate extends to depths where it heats up, dehydrates and causes magma to form. Along these boundaries, earthquakes are common and magma (molten rock) rises from the Earths mantle to the surface, solidifying to create new oceanic crust. Rates of motions of the major plates range from less than 1 cm/y to over 10 cm/y. The rising water melts rock in its path, forming a volcanic arc on the overrriding plate. As the Juan de Fuca Plate (lower cookie) subducts beneath the North American Plate (upper cookie), the layers are scraped off the ocean floor and pile up as the Coast Range. During the same period, the Atlantic Ocean began to open up between northern Africa and North America, and India broke away from Antarctica. Contents1 What boundary [] The series of hot spots that has been identified in the Atlantic Ocean may also have existed for several hundred million years, and thus may have contributed to rifting in roughly the same place on at least two separate occasions (Figure \(\PageIndex{13}\)). Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Steven Earle. Mount Rainier is a 14,000 foot (4,300 meter) volcano in the Cascade Range developed above the place where the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate reaches sufficient depth to release hot fluids into the overriding North American Plate. The overlying volcanoes have since eroded away, exposing a vast expanse of the ancient magma chambers in the Sierra Nevada. A subduction zone will develop, and the oceanic plate will begin to descend under the continent. Antarctic plate, Pacfic plate, Eurasia plate, India Plate, Africa plate. Storms coming in from the Pacific Ocean drop most of their moisture on the Coast Range and Cascades, leaving eastern Oregon and Washington high and dry. Point Reyes National Seashore and Golden Gate National Recreation Area are the only two NPS sites that are right on the San Andreas Fault. With continued uplift and erosion, most of the volcanic material would erode. Detailed Description Map of the North American - Caribbean tectonic plate boundary. Visits to coastal NPS sites in the Pacific Northwest can help us appreciate the landscapes that develop over time because of these large quakes, and learn how we are preparing our homes, communities, and infrastructure for the next Big One.. There is strong evidence around the margins of the Atlantic Ocean that this process has taken place before. South America plate, Antarctic plate, Eurasia plate, North America plate, Arabia plate, India plate, Australia plate. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. This plate includes Australia and much of the surrounding ocean. Left image The western boundary is another mid-ocean ridge, the East Pacific Rise. This plate is moving north east towards the Eurasia plate. It includes the central Caribbean countries and runs along the northern edge of South America. Crater Lake. As the mid-ocean ridge separating the Farallon and Pacific Plates entered the subduction zone, the Farallon Plate separated into the Juan de Fuca and Cocos Plates. Rainier National Park. Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. Rainier in Washington, Mt. The physical landscape was an important component of the practical and spiritual aspects of Native Americans lives. What are the three types of convergent plate boundaries? When the plates suddenly let go, a massive earthquake will shake the entire Pacific Northwest, a series of tsunami waves will pound the Coast, and landslides will make it difficult to reach some of those in need. The northern boundary of the Cocos Plate is the Middle America Trench. This plate is moving north north east towards the Eurasia plate. The Cascadia Subduction Zone and Southern Alaska are the sites of ongoing subduction as the Pacific and Juan de Fuca plates slide beneath the North American Plate. Modified from Parks and Plates: The Geology of our National Parks, Monuments and Seashores, by Robert J. Lillie, New York, W. W. Norton and Company, 298 pp., 2005, www.amazon.com/dp/0134905172. We think that the Explorer Plate is also moving east, but we dont know the rate, and there is evidence that it is slower than the JDF Plate. Sea lions resting on layers of pillow basalt that formed beneath the ocean and were uplifted as part of the accretionary wedge. At spreading centres, the lithospheric mantle may be very thin because the upward convective motion of hot mantle material generates temperatures that are too high for the existence of a significant thickness of rigid lithosphere (Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\)). A variety of earthquakes shake the Pacific Northwest due to plate-tectonic activity. It runs along the north western coast of the United States and the southern British Columbia coast. Transform faults are not limited to oceanic crust and spreading centers; many of them are on continental margins. On the western edge of the plate is a continuous subduction zone where the Cocos, Panama, and North Andean Plates are all converging with the Caribbean Plate. The vent was the source for most of the ash and pyroclastic flows expelled during the 1912 eruptions, and has since filled with a lava dome known as Novarupta. New Guinea and the northern parts of New Zealand are part of the Australia plate. USGS photo. Volcanoes in national parks in the Cascades have eruptive personalities that reflect the complex magma systems associated with subduction zones. EESA06 Module 4 Flashcards | Quizlet Mazama, Aniakchak spewed lava across its caldera floor for centuries after its collapse. Copalis River, Washington A forearc basin develops in the low area between the two mountain ranges. It is subducting under (that is, being forced under) the South American plate. The east coast of North America is a passive margin and not a plate boundary. The North American Plate, for example, rotates counter-clockwise; the Eurasian Plate rotates clockwise. Rift Valley - National Geographic Society The magma, which is lighter than the surrounding mantle material, rises through the mantle and the overlying oceanic crust to the ocean floor where it creates a chain of volcanic islands known as an island arc. (Click on arrows and slide left and right to see labels.). Redoubt, on the eastern side of the park, had four explosive eruptions that resulted in large volumes of ash and mudflows. The subducted lithosphere descends into the hot mantle at a relatively shallow angle close to the subduction zone, but at steeper angles farther down (up to about 45). Transform boundaries where plates slide passed each other. This plate includes the northeastern part of the Atlantic ocean, all of Europe, all of Russia (except its most eastern part), and down through southeast Asia, including China and Indonesia. Mt. Based on Keary and Vine, 1996, Global Tectonics (2ed), Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford. Likewise, individual volcanic eruptions may add only a thin layer to the surface. This contortion attests to the great forces that squeezed and lifted the layers from the sea. In the past, that was true. As discussed in the context of subduction-related volcanism in Chapter 4, the significant volume of water within the subducting material is released as the subducting crust is heated. Is the Cocos Plate convergent or divergent? - Study.com Kenai Fjords National Park USGS photo. and Alberta are also a result of continent-continent collisions. What type of plate boundary is the Cocos Plate? - Studybuff Wrangell (left) and Mt. Remove the Oregon quarter to reveal cooled magma chamber rocks below. The Pacific Plate is moving to the northwest at a speed of between 7 and 11 centimeters (cm) or ~3-4 inches a year. This plate is moving north east towards the Caribbean and North America plates. But unlike Mt. This plate includes all of Saudi Arabia, and much of the Levant (up to Iraq and Syria). Sites in the Sierra Nevada Mountains reveal the eroded roots of an ancient volcanic range that formed when the subduction zone extended much farther south. This plate is moving north east towards the Eurasia plate and the Pacific plate. As the Atlantic Ocean floor gets weighed down around its margins by great thickness of continental sediments (i.e., geosynclines), it will be pushed farther and farther into the mantle, and eventually the oceanic lithosphere may break away from the continental lithosphere (Figure \(\PageIndex{12}\)). Layers of sand and mud, deposited on the ocean floor and later turned into the sedimentary rocks sandstone and shale, are seen above the pillows. The Caribbean Plate is a mostly oceanic tectonic plate underlying Central America and the Caribbean Sea off the northern coast of South America . The part of the plate around the Australia plate is moving southwards. The types are ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, and continent-continent. Subduction zones form where a plate with thinner (less-buoyant) oceanic crust descends beneath a plate with thicker (more-buoyant) continental crust. Map of the North American - Caribbean tectonic plate boundary Now you should see color coded lines that are the plate boundaries, and the names of Earth's major plates. Credit: Photo Courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. This plate is moving north west towards the Eurasia plate. The Cocos Plate is a young oceanic tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Central America, named for Cocos Island, which rides upon it. Plate Tectonics and Volcanic Activity - National Geographic Society Some transform faults connect continental parts of plates. Stack the quarters with Washington on top, Oregon in the middle and California on the bottom. The forearc basin is the Willamette Valley in Oregon and Puget Sound in Washington. Silica-rich ash melted and coated the hot engine turbines with glass, causing all four of them to shut down. Near the western edge of the continent, the Juan de Fuca Plate plunges downward and some of the layers of hard crust and ocean sediments are scraped off the top and squeezed upward as the Olympic Mountains and other coastal ranges. Off the Pacific coast, the Cocos plate is subducted beneath both the North American and Caribbean plates, which are separated by a sinistral transcurrent boundary. Some of the processes taking place in this setting include: Spreading is hypothesized to start within a continental area with up-warping or doming related to an underlying mantle plume or series of mantle plumes. Near their boundary, the plates can lock together for centuries, then suddenly let go as a giant earthquake. Half Dome in Yosemite National Park is made of granite that solidified from magma tens of millions of years ago, when a subduction zone extended along the entire west coast. What caused the Chile earthquake of 1960? USGS photo. This subduction forms the volcanoes of Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, also known as the Central America Volcanic Arc. A sudden unlocking could produce an earthquake every bit as big as the one that occurred in Alaska in 1964, when a similar subduction zone boundary snap occurred. The Cocos Ridge (CR), which formed when the Cocos Plate drifted over the Galapagos Hotspot (Walther, 2003) , is a bathymetric high reaching about 2 km above the surrounding seafloor and stretching about 2000 km long and 200-300 km wide across the Cocos Plate . Beginning about 30 million years ago, so much of the Farallon Plate was consumed by subduction that the Pacific and North American plates were in contact, forming the San Andreas transform plate boundary in western California. Lassen Peak in Lassen Volcanic National Park is an amalgamation of rhyolite lava domes. Similarly the South American Plate extends across the western part of the southern Atlantic Ocean, while the European and African plates each include part of the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Cocos Plate; Type: Minor: Approximate area: 2,900,000 km 2: Movement 1: north-east: Speed 1: 67 mm/year: . The Cascadia Subduction Zone has two parallel mountain ranges separated by a low region near sea level. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are all found in abundance. This plate starts at the western edge of South America and stretches east into the southwestern parst of the Atlantic Ocean. The explanation is that plates move in a rotational manner. Start with the major plates, and then work on the smaller ones. Pillow basalt layers formed more than a mile (1.6 kilometers) below the surface of the ocean are now almost a mile above sea-level on Hurricane Ridge Road in Olympic National Park, Washington. The resulting magma ascends through the crust, producing a mountain chain with many volcanoes. Divergent boundaries are spreading boundaries, where new oceanic crust is created from magma derived from partial melting of the mantle caused by decompression as hot mantle rock from depth is moved toward the surface (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). Nazca plate, Pacific plate, North America plate, Caribbean plate. The Philippine Sea plate is tectonically unusual in that almost all the boundaries are convergent. The spectacular pillow lavas seen on the road up Hurricane Ridge indicate that lava formed on the sea floor and was later uplifted. Redoubt, an active volcano in Lake Clark National Park, illustrates how a volcano can pose an unexpected hazard in our modern age and why monitoring volcanic activity is so important (see photo below). In 1966, Tuzo Wilson proposed that there has been a continuous series of cycles of continental rifting and collision; that is, break-up of supercontinents, drifting, collision, and formation of other supercontinents. The three West Coast states are especially meaningful because they have geologic features that, when the quarters are stacked, represent the surface and subsurface of the chain of volcanoes that has been developing over the past 200 million years. The apparent line of collision runs between Norway and Sweden, between Scotland and England, through Ireland, through Newfoundland, and the Maritimes, through the northeastern and eastern states, and across the northern end of Florida. Californias San Andreas fault is a transform boundary. The colliding continental material will not be subducted because it is too light (i.e., because it is composed largely of light continental rocks [SIAL]), but the root of the oceanic plate will eventually break off and sink into the mantle. There are also numerous small plates (e.g., Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Nazca, Scotia, Philippine, Caribbean), and many very small plates or sub-plates. A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other. Cocos Island rides on it.. Mantle flow in the RiveraCocos subduction zone | Geophysical Journal International | Oxford Academic Summary. When mixed with water from glaciers, snowmelt, and streams, these materials can make very dense, fast-moving volcanic mudflows (known sometimes by the Indonesian term lahar). Solved Question 1 (1 point) Saved Unclick all the other - Chegg Modified from The Geology of our National Parks, Monuments and Seashores, by Robert J. Lillie, New York, W. W. Norton and Company, 298 pp., 2005, www.amazon.com/dp/0134905172. Adding TravelTime as Impedance in ArcGIS Network Analyst? Yosemite Valley and Half Dome. Plates move as rigid bodies, so it may seem surprising that the North American Plate can be moving at different rates in different places. Modified from Oregon's Island in the Sky: Geology Road Guide to Marys Peak, by Robert J. Lillie, Wells Creek Publishers, 75 pp., 2017, www.amazon.com/dp/1540611965. Cocos Plate - Wikipedia What type of plate boundary is the Cocos Plate? - Our Planet Today What type of boundary is the San Andreas Fault? Most divergent boundaries are located at the oceanic ridges (although some are on land), and the crustal material created at a spreading boundary is always oceanic in character; in other words, it is mafic igneous rock (e.g., basalt or gabbro, rich in ferromagnesian minerals). The Cascades are the modern volcanic arc developing where the Juan de Fuca Plate subducts beneath the North American Plate. Regional tectonics of Central America are mainly controlled by the collision of the Cocos and the Caribbean plates. It separates the Pacific Plate to the west from (north to south) the North American Plate, the Rivera Plate, the Cocos Plate, the Nazca Plate, and the Antarctic Plate. Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. Eventually Africa will split apart. Olympic National Park, Washington For example, the North American Plate includes most of North America, plus half of the northern Atlantic Ocean. Africa plate, Nazca plate, Scotia plate, Caribbean plate, Antarctic plate, North America plate. The Nazca plate is a large tectonic plate that underlies the Pacific Ocean near the western coast of South America. The distribution and depths of earthquakes in the Caribbean and Central America area are shown in Figure 11.2.3. Layers of sandstone and shale deposited on the top of the Pacific Plate were later metamorphosed to quartzite and slate as the plate subducted beneath southern Alaska, and then shoved upward as part of the accretionary wedge. 10.4: Plate, Plate Motions, and Plate Boundary Processes A by-product of the metamorphism is the release of hot fluids, especially water. Subduction of the Farallon Plate beneath the entire West Coast created a line of volcanoes from Alaska to Central America. Between 200 and 150 Ma, rifting started between South America and Africa and between North America and Europe, and India moved north toward Asia. Sandstone and shale layers at Kenai Fjords are commonly metamorphosed and were so deformed during subduction and uplift that they are vertical in places. The Coast Range (accretionary wedge), Great Valley (forearc basin), and Sierra Nevada (volcanic arc) still reflect the subduction zone topography. A glance at a map of the western United States might suggest that the Sierra Nevada are a southward continuation of the Cascade Volcanoes. The major plates are Eurasia, Pacific, India, Australia, North America, South America, Africa, and Antarctic. The rising hot water causes overlying rock to melt, generating magma that at times erupts out on the surface as lava flows and other materials forming Mt. The 1,200-kilometer-long San Andreas fault zone is part of the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates, and thus is known as a transform fault. This plate is bound by the North-American and Caribbean Plates to the north-east, the small Rivera Plate to the north-west, the Pacific Plate to the west, This plate includes the islands that make up the Philipines and north to include parts of southern Japan. Rocks in Yosemite, Kings Canyon, Sequoia, and Joshua Tree national parks contain exumed magma chamber rock that formed beneath the ancient volcanoes. Olympic National Park, Washington The Sierra Nevada are a remnant of volcanoes that extended southward when the ancient Farallon Plate dove beneath the edge of North America. Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. An example is the San Andreas Fault, which extends from the southern end of the Juan de Fuca Ridge to the northern end of the East Pacific Rise (ridge) in the Gulf of California (Figures 10.28 and 10.29). In this region, the Cocos Plate is subducting beneath the North America and Caribbean Plates (ocean-continent convergence), and the South and North America Plates are subducting beneath the Caribbean Plate (ocean-ocean convergence). Pacific plate, Australia plate, Africa plate, Scotia plate, Nazca plate, South America plate. It is named after Cocos Island, the only emergent island on the plate. Poking through the mass of some of the highest mountains in North America are very young volcanoes formed by the ongoing Pacific Plate subduction. Many rift valleys are part of " triple junctions," a type of divergent boundary where three tectonic plates meet at about 120 angles. The North American Plate . Listing total number of features into an ArcGIS Online feature pop-up, Convergent boundaries: where two plates are colliding. WrangellSt. Left image The park is a complex amalgamation of blocks of continental and oceanic crust that have slammed into North America. What type of plate boundary is North American and Eurasian Plates?
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